KJC Korea
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Place identity is the overall configuration of a particular place. It distinguishes a place from others, and is an important indicator of a destination's competitiveness. Based on the review of related literature, first, this study conceptualized place identity in terms of four dimensions: 1) natural environment, 2) human and social environment, 3) symbolic setting, and 4) functional setting. Then, the place identity of Jeju island was measured by the four dimension 12-item scale of destination place identity. Data were collected from 193 visitors of Jeju island in 2008. Results showed the scale had reliability and validity. Results also indicated the scale's applicability of explaining the respondents' revisit intention. More specifically, among the four dimensions of place identities, the human and social environment were identified as the most influential antecedent of revisit intention. Limitation and future research directions were also discussed.

This study examined the impacts of a city's aesthetic factors on its brand image. Based on a review of related literature, six aesthetic factors of a city(traditional, architectural, scenic, artistic, display, and environmental) and three factors of a city brand image(clean, dynamic, unique) were developed. A total of 582 samples was collected from foreigners who have visited Seoul. Results showed that three aesthetic factors of the city of Seoul(i..e, architectural, scenic, and display) had significant influences on the clean image of the city. Results also illustrated that five aesthetic factors of Seoul(ie., traditional, scenic, artistic, display, and environmental) had significant impacts on the dynamic image of the city. However, only two aesthetic factors of the city of Seoul(i.e., architectural, artistic) made significant influences on the unique image of the city. Results of this study suggest that marketers should more concentrate on developing the uniqueness of Seoul for a better brand image of Seoul.

Emotional and authentic storytelling of for tourists is being considered as an effective way to appeal for tourists. This study empirically tested the relationship between the visitors' storytelling experience on a tourism destination and their awareness of the brand value and love mark for the destination. Data were collected from 455 tourists who had experiences of storytelling at four different tourism destinations in Korea(i.e.,Suwon Hwasung, Kyungbok Place, Bulguk Temple, and Namyi Island) from July to August 2010. Results showed that the respondents's awareness of tourism storytelling attributes were positively associated with their cognition of the travel destination brand value, and the destination's love mark. Results also indicated that the respondents awareness of the destinations' brand value were positively related to their evaluation of the love marks of the travel destinations. In conclusion, findings of this study might suggest a new insight into conceptualizing tourism storytelling and travel destination's love mark.

This study examined the differences of motivational characteristics between local residents and tourists who visited JeJu April 3rd Peace Park, which a Korean dark tourism destination. Data were conveniently collected from 288 visitors at the park from December 2009 to April 2010. Based on the review of related literature 22 items of dark tourism motivation were developed. Results of a factor analysis yielded five factors of dark motivations(i.e., historicity, escape from everyday life, family and social togetherness, education, and attractiveness of the site). Results also indicated that there were statistically significant differences between residents and tourists in terms of their motivations to visit the park. Specifically, in terms of historicity and education motivation, tourist had significant higher motivations than the local residents had. In contrast, in terms of escape from everyday life and family/social togetherness, and attractiveness of the site, the residents had higher motivations than the tourists had.

Based on the previous literature on the perceived risk in the context of travel and tourism, destination image and attitude, this study proposed a structural model among the perceived risk of travel products, destination image and attitude. The data were collected via email and mail survey from 102 Korean visitors to Australia in 2008. Results of factor analysis generated four different factors of perceived rsik of travel products(i..e, functional risk, social psychological risk, monetary risk, bodily risk). Results also showed that the structural model partially fit the data. In particular, the respondents' perceived risk of money and body were negatively associated with their image on Australia as a tourism destination. However, the respondents' image on Australia both as a tourism destination and a country were all positively related to their attitude toward Australia. Practical implications and limitations of the study were also discussed.

This study was to estimate explanatory variables of willingness-to- visit(WTV) to the 2012 Yeosu Expo after the venue of the Expo had been decided to Yeosu, Korea. Based on the literature review, this study included age, interest, travel time, automobile, population, and income as important explanatory variables and WTV as a dependent variable. The results of logit model indicated that age, interest, and travel time were statistically significant when determining WTV to the Yeosu Expo. Specifically, variables of age and interest appeared to be positively related to WTV, whereas travel time was found negatively related to WTV as a barrier to travel. Interest in the Expo was found to be the most powerful determinant among other independent variables. Managerial implications for the Yeosu Expo were presented in the conclusion section.

This study examined the volatility of inbound tourism demands for Korea from major Asian countries. In this study, Asian countries were grouped into Greater China Area countries(China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) and other Asian countries (Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia). 132 monthly time series data from 2000 to 2010 on the number of tourists from the countries to Korea were used for the analysis. Results of unit root test suggested rejection of the null hypothesis on the non-stationarity of the level variables. In addition, results of the OLS regression showed that the tourism demands for Korea from most of the countries had seasonality. Furthermore, in terms of the model fit, Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional- Heteroscedastic Model(EGARCH Model) fit data better than the other two models(TARCH, GARDCH Models) both for the Greater and the other Asian countries. Finally, results indicated that the unexpected bad news on Korea tended to cause more demand shocks or volatility for Great China Area countries than the good news did. Practical implications of this study were also discussed.

Based on the Jafari's four tourism platform model, this study analyzed six Korean presidents' perspectives on tourism A content analysis on two Korean newspapers including Chosunilbo and Dongailbo were employed to analyze the perspectives. Results showed that the first President Syng-Man Rhee had the advocacy perspective on tourism. President Chung-Hee Park also had the advocacy view on tourism at initial stage. However, he became to have the cautionary and adaptancy views at the mid and last stages of his ruling period. Results also indicated that President Doo-Hwan Chon had the cautionary view based advocacy view, and President Tae-Woo Roh had the non practical advocacy view with the environmental concerns. Furthermore, President Dae-Jung Kim had both the knowledge-based perspective and adaptancy view, while President Moo-Hyun Roh had both the advocacy view of mega tourism development and knowledge-based view, which was based on his ethical humanism.

Participating in trade shows as exhibitors have been regarded an important marketing activity for many companies. However, there are still pros and cons among researchers on the effects of exhibitors' participating in trade shows. Based on the reviewed literature on a lack of exhibitors' goal setting before participating in trade shows, this study hypothesized the direct impact of exhibitors' goal level on performance at a trade show. It also hypothesized mediating and moderating effects of booth staff's goal commitment and incentives in the relationship between goal level and performance. Data were collected from 248 exhibit staff on the site of 10 international trade shows in 2009. Results from the regression analyses showed a strong support for the direct impact of goal level on performance, and a marginally partial support for the mediating effect of goal commitment. However, the data did not support for the moderating effect of incentives in the relationship between goal level and performance. Implications of the findings were discussed.

Using the in-depth interview with professionals working in the medical tourism field, this study analyzed qualifications for a medical tourism specialist. It also proposed human resource development plan for educating of specialists in medical tourism. For these purposes, this study performed in‐depth interviews with eight medical tourism professionals in Kyonggi Province, Korea. Results showed that it is beyond dispute that foreign language skills as well as basic medical knowledge are essential to a personnel such as medical tourism coordinator. Results also suggested additional requirements of a medical tourism specialist like understanding of culture, planning skills, and service mind. Based on the findings of this study, this study made suggestions for educating specialists in medical tourism(e..g, strengthened practical training, supplementary education for existing personnel, operation of part‐time manpower pool, and active utilization of internationally married immigrant women).

MBTI has been widely used to differentiate personality type but not much employed in tourism study to explain tourist behavior. This study was to identify differences of tourist motivation and destination preference among three different MBTI personality types(i.e., introversion, extraversion and midcentric). Data for this study were collected from 229 college students from two universities who took MBTI test in 2009. Results showed statistically significant differences among the three different personality types in terms of their level of novelty, adventure, socialability motivations. However, results did not show statistical differences among the personality types in term of education and escape motivation level. Specifically, the extraversion type was likely to have the highest score of tourist motivations, while intraversion type had the lowest scores. Finally, results indicated that MBTI personality types were only associated with event element attribute in terms of destination preference Implications and limitations of the study were also discussed.

The study was to analyze the relationships between the organizational justice, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior among travel industry employees. Based on the review of previous literature, organization justice were conceptualized in terms of three dimensions(i..e, interactional justice, procedural justice, distribution justice). Data were collected via self-administrated survey from 348 travel industry employees on July 2011. Results showed that all the three dimensions of respondents' level of organization justice made significant impacts on their level of job satisfaction. Results also indicated that the respondents' level of distribution justice and interactional justice were found to be significantly related to their level of organizational commitment. In addition, all the four dimensions of job satisfaction were significantly associated with their level of organizational commitment. Finally, the respondents' perception on the organizational justice partially influenced on their organization citizenship behaviors such as altruistic behavior, sportsmanship and conscientious behavior.

This study examined the relationships among customers' relational benefits, relational qualities, and behavioral intentions in Korean upscale hotels. Based on the review of related literature, customers' relational benefits were conceptualized in terms of social benefit, psychological benefit and economic benefit. In addition, customers' relational qualities were measured in terms of satisfaction, trust and commitment, while customers' behavioral intentions were conceptualized in terms of the relationship maintenance and positive word of mouth. Data were collected via self-administrated survey from 275 customers of 10 upscale hotels in Seoul and Busan from July to August 2010. Results showed that customers' evaluation of relational benefits from the hotel were only partially associated with their attitude toward relational qualities and behavioral intentions. Results also indicated that customers' attitude toward relational qualities were partially related to their attitude toward relationship maintenance. In contrast, all the three dimensions of relational qualities were found to be related to the positive word of mouth. Implications and limitation of the study were also discussed.

Planning a trip might be a complicated and stressful job. Many travelers, therefore, purchase the services of a travel agency to make their trip convenient, whether the trip is for leisure or business. This study analyzed the relationships between the travel agency's quality, satisfaction, and repurchasing intention among a select group of Chinese domestic travelers. Data were collected from 211 Chinese domestic travelers who purchased their travel options through a Chinese travel agency. Results of an analysis of variance showed that the respondents' evaluation on the travel agency's service quality significantly differed according to the respondents' demographic and purchasing characteristics, including occupation, education level, earnings, travel intention and travel times. Results also revealed that the respondents' evaluation on the travel agency's service quality was positively associated with their level of customer satisfaction. Finally, the results illustrated that the respondents' level of customers' satisfaction had a significant positive influence on their repurchase intentions.

Based on the Berry's acculturation perspective, this study explored the leisure preferences and participation of women marriage immigrants in Korea. Data was collected from a questionnaire survey of 826 women marriage immigrants from China, Mongolia, Vietnam, and Philippine. Results showed that the respondents preferred to participate in diverse recreation and leisure activities except for hedonic ones. Also, the respondents' were less likely to participate in sports and cultural activities, which suggested big differences between leisure preferences and participation among the respondents. Cluster analyses identified four acculturation groups of the immigrants: integrated group, assimilated group, separated group, and marginalized group. Results revealed that the integrated group had the highest level of leisure preferences and participation, while the marginalized group had the lowest level of leisure preference and participation. Consistent with the acculturation perspective, the respondents who had the greater levels of their own ethnic and Korean cultural orientations were likely to had positive leisure life. Practical implications and research recommendations were discussed.

Airline customers want to receive differentiated service that meets their personality and their needs rather than the uniform and inflexible service of the past. Recently, several low-cost airline companies have entered the severe competitive market of the airline industry in Korea. This study was conceptualized the airline services in terms of three dimensions; ground process, cabin human service and in-flight entertainment Then, it investigated the factor that mostly effects customer satisfaction. Data were collected from 205 customers of airline service in 2010. Results showed that the respondents' evaluation on the ground process were most significantly associated with their satisfaction level, while in-flight human service were least likely related to their satisfaction level. Findings from this study suggested that in order to provide more satisfaction to customers, airline companies should concentrate on providing customers with the convenient ground operation process rather than in-flight human service.