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The paper originates with the premise that the current concept of leisure I tourism and leisure studies research is largely based on labor relations under capitalism, and subsequently understood according the following viewpoints of: escape from labor; and refreshment for labor. From this frame of reference, this paper proposes a heuristic framework that simplifies existential dimensions of human existence into two axis of fact-value and necessity-freedom. Arranging leisure into the realm of freedom from the framework, we reviewed works on Marx, Arendt, and Aristotle which highlight internal relations between leisure and freedom, and concludes that leisure in nature is not just a by-product of labor or work but is spontaneously generated in the realm of freedom. Furthermore true leisure which is spontaneously generated in the realm of freedom that enables us to reflect and contemplate on modern consumptive leisure. This paper contributes to widen current perspectives on labor centered leisure to post-labor centered leisure, accordingly provides opportunity to reflect our current consumptive life.

This study examined the concept of fairness and its presence as a tourism phenomenon. With this aim, the authors limited focus towards the phenomenon of what is considered fair or unfair as perceived and/or experienced amongst tourism stake holders as discussed in the form of discourse. The former topic area addresses the approach of fairness revealed in prior research on fair tourism, fair travel, and responsible tourism. This approach was later additionally divided into two sub-categories; 'fairness of region benefits', and 'fairness of tourism supply'. In the fairness of region benefits, the relationship of 'region and tourism developer', 'region and tourists' and 'region, developer, and tourists' were heavily discussed. In the fairness of tourism supply, the themes of 'unfairness among developers' and 'unethical behaviors of tourists and tourism developers' were subsequently addressed. Focused on these approaches, this article suggested potential solutions for unfairness that occur between subjects in tourism system.

The concept and notion of space and its realm of meaning vary significantly according to its configurational change. Space syntax is a method to analyse space configuration and is used in the various disciplines such as architecture and urban planning and design; which produces objective, quantifiable indicators. The investigation of theme park space offers a representative setting for understanding the role of space and how it impacts modern leisure and consumption through social logic. The space arrangement and site layout at theme parks and the resulting tourist flow have a direct impact of visitor experiences; in particular, the flow of congestion throughout traffic areas and its influence visitor consumption patterns. This study using Space Syntax was conducted to investigate how space is configured at Everland Theme park space in South Korea to promote user consumption. The findings confirm that Everland’s space configuration facilitates user wandering and by dispersing user flow and that its facilities stimulate impulsive consumption and greater involvement.

The purpose of this study is to examine recently published works on Chinese visitors to South Korea with the aim of identifying research trends and to offer suggestions. Content analysis was undertaken as a research approach with a total of 72 published journal articles being selected from eight tourism journals from 1995 to 2011. From this review, 8 analysis categories were further reviewed. The results revealed that the volume of the Chinese tourists study has increased since 2004; and I similar trend so has scholarly research, with a sharp rise of 50 published papers realized between 2008 to 2011. Consistent with this, was the increase in research subjects which were diversified into tourism information, tourism economic, convention and events in addition to tourism behaviour and psychology. Findings indicate, however, that the far majority of research related to Chinese tourists has been limited to quantitative methods, and that greater research variety would contribute to expand knowledge in this realm. Additional implications and suggestions are enclosed.

This study attempted to contribute to a number of the suggested relationships between perceived value, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in a tourism context. It used a multidimensional dimension of perceived value including not only cognitive values known as functional, monetary and time and effort value but also affective values such as social, emotional and novelty value. Data were collected from pleasure travellers in Jeju. The derived implications on the basis of these analyses are as follows; First, the perceived values except social value are all affective factors to the tourist satisfaction, Second, behavioral intentions are decided by all the perceived values as well as tourist satisfaction. Finally, the major values affecting satisfaction and behavioral intention are different. Time and effort value, and monetary value are major factors influencing tourist satisfaction; however, according to the study, emotional and functional values represent the most influential factors towards tourists’ behavioral intentions.

This article examines the influence of relationship commitment on long-term purchase intention resulting from airline service trust and flight bookings between corporate enterprises and travel agents in the business travel market. Data were obtained through both on-line and off-line surveys of respondents that have experienced business travel via corporate travel agency bookings. A total of 261 respondents were sampled, of which, 250 questionnaires were valid for analysis. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 and AMOS 17.0 through which the following findings were made: Firstly, Some selective attribution of travel agencies in business travel market has an influence on relationship commitment. Some selective are ‘Salesman abilities’ and ‘Personal relationship’. Secondly, relationship commitment has an influence towards long-term purchase intention. Lastly, the level on Airline’s service trust has not an influence on the recognition related to between relationship commitments and Long-term purchase intentions. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

This study investigated flight attendant service quality as perceived by air passengers. Analysed in specific was the variable of impact of service encounter quality and its weighted impact when also considering a multitude of service quality considerations perceived by passengers when using airlines. In this aim, the study analyzed the effects of non-verbal communications between flight attendant on factors, such as service encounter quality, brand attitudes, and ingredients for customer satisfaction. Data were collected from 450 international passengers at Incheon International Airport in April 2009. The research results are as follows: Firstly, spatial language factors, namely, ‘reliability’ out of non-verbal communication feedback amongst flight attendant, had the strongest effect on the satisfaction of expectation. Secondly, kinesics, competence, friendliness, reliability and politeness also showed positive effect on the satisfaction of use. Lastly, that variances between encounter service quality and satisfaction could be attributed to passengers' nationality.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of parent hotel brand image, loyalty, and perceived fit as it relates to customer attitudes towards midscale and economy hotel brand extension. In particular, this study focuses on global mega hotel chain brand vertical step-down extensions. Concepts' structural relationships were analyzed via AMOS 18.0. As a result, first, parent brand image impacts parent brand loyalty and customer's attitude towards brand extension directly, but that, parent brand loyalty does not influence customer's attitude towards brand extension directly. Second, parent brand image and loyalty both impact perceived fit directly, and perceived fit impacts customer's attitude towards brand extension directly. In terms of mediated effect results, parent brand image influences perceived fit via parent brand loyalty. Furthermore, parent brand image influences customer's attitude towards brand extension via parent brand loyalty and perceived fit at the same time. However, parent brand loyalty does not influence customer's attitude towards brand extension via perceived fit.

Continuing and rapid growth of the silver market consumers is a very important and an actionable market for restaurant managers and operators. This study explored how the interaction between silver consumers' characteristics and behaviors of restaurant consumption uses were associated with frequency of dining-out. A decision tree was developed using Exhaustive CHAID. A total of 529 useable data were collected from silver consumers who were 60 years or older, and based throughout six regions in South Korea. The results identified six important predictors and distinguished seven viable segments. Three of these seven segments could be considered actionable segments, thus providing more insights to restaurant managers and operators. Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVA tests were conducted to examine significant differences in existence amongst the segments. The identified target segments and their profiles will be essential in building effective communication and promotion strategies for various marketing purposes.

The purpose of this study was to identify the should and will expectation to Korean foods restaurants for Taiwanese consumers and to examine the influences of past experience, price, tangibles, image, word-of-mouth, third parties, and value on should expectation and will expectation to Korean foods restaurants. A total of 298 Taiwanese who have experienced Korean foods restaurants in last 12 months participated in this study. T-test was used to identify the differences between should expectation and will expectation to Korean food. Stepwise regression analysis was conducted to examine influences of past experience, price, tangibles, image, word-of-mouth, third parties, and value on should and will expectation to Korean foods restaurants. The results indicated that Taiwanese will expectation to Korean foods restaurants was significantly higher than should expectation to Korean foods restaurants and that value and past experiences had a strong influence towards should expectation to Korean foods restaurants. And especially, sense of belonging value and entertainment value strongly influenced should expectation and will expectation. The managerial implications were discussed.

This study investigated the effect of social networking services (SNS) and related PR activities, as managed by the convention organizer, to the organization- public relationship and attendance satisfaction. In review of the results of this study, the meaningful results are deducted as such that convention organizer SNS PR activities of the demonstrate a positive effect on the organization-public relationship and attendance satisfaction. Also verified is that the recognition on public relationship and attendance satisfaction between SNS users and SNS non users (Homepage or Newsletter user) reflects a partial difference. This implies that, at this stage of introducing SNS as a means of enhancing public relations, that aggressive SNS usage by the professional conference organizer (PCO) and the convention organizer is encouraged as means of preempting positive event affection. This study has meaningfulness in enhancing academic value of the convention study by applying the concept of organization-public relationship which has been positioned as an important concept at PR to the convention study.

The purpose of this study is to examine to what extent the communication competence and emotional intelligence of service providers affect the service recovery effort following unexpected customer complains, which can occur to the employees of service companies while performing their job. For this purpose, the study was conducted based on a total of 250 effective samples from a survey carried out for the services providers from the cabin crews of two large domestic airlines and five super deluxe hotels in Seoul. The investigation of causality among the sub-factors of the constructs, including emotional intelligence, communication competence, and service recovery effort, shows that emotional intelligence has a positive effect on communication competence and service recovery effort. In addition, communication competence has a positive relationship with service recovery effort. The findings demonstrate the necessity of training programs to develop and manage the emotional intelligence of the employees at the management level, and provides practical implication to improve service quality of service companies, including the effort at the personal level.

This study examines the effects of both objective and subjective knowledge towards both the perceived risk and also consumer trust associated with genetically modified (GM) food. A sample of 316 valid surveys conducted on shoppers in Seoul was compiled over a two-month period and used for analysis. A Structural Equation Modelling technique was employed to test the causal model. The results reveal that objective and subjective knowledge are both directly and indirectly associated with trust towards GM foods. And that reduced risk towards genetically modified food whereby objective knowledge towards genetically GM foods reveals a direct and relatively strong relationship and perceived trust towards genetically modified food. Additional findings highlight that perceived risk reduces their cognitive and affective trust towards GM food. Implications and suggestions are later discussed with one such debated consideration being the influence of promotional campaigns directed towards boosting consumer adoptions of GM technology.