KJC Korea
Journal Central

This paper observes carefully about variety usages of <negative sentences>. Many features and functions can be found;First, there are three types of the negative sentences. The typical negative sentence which accompany 「nai」and contains a negative meaning is one of types. Another one is that the sentence accompany 「nai」, but it does not have any negative meanings. The last type does not have 「nai」 or other negative meaning words in the sentence but it delivers a negative message. This book/dissertation categorizes negative sentences with two groups. The first group is named ‘the core of negative sentence’. The other is ‘the surroundings of negative sentence’. Therefore, these two groups of negative sentences form the broad category of the negative sentence. Second, this book/dissertation observes variety negative sentences in the light of functioning. As a result, the sentences of the core of negative sentences deny the wrong information of others. In contrast, the surrounding negative sentences express the lack, blame, disappointment from expectation indirectly. Moreover, these sentences have the form of positive sentence but deliver the negative thoughts and intentions.

This paper analyzes the Japanese relative clause studies which were published by Chinese National Core Journals and then summarizes the status quo and trend in terms of research method and linguistic theory. First, the researches in China focus on the verbs in the clause, most of which are from masters’ and PHDs’ dissertations. Second, the language contrast study is still used by most language researchers. Inoue(2006) put forward three types theory-analyzing and inducing, itemizing and relating, in which the first two types are often used to research on Japanese relative clause in China. The researchers seldom choose the type of relating in the study, which is the better way to show the language characteristics that cannot be found in the monolingual study. Third, Yang Kairong(2011) thoroughly summarizes and interprets the reasons that cause the syntactical differences of Japanese and Chinese relative clauses. Fourth, Corpus Analyzing Tool developed by Shi Jianjun(2010) is contributing to the collecting of Japanese relative clauses from samples. Fifth, various languages theories are employed to analyze syntactical functions. Besides the traditional theories put forward by the Chinese and Japanese linguistics, the cognitive linguistics is applied by more and more researchers.

Compared to other languages, Japanese has a lot of homonyms due to the small number of syllables. As a result, linguistic efficiency is relatively low because of the lack of distinctive function. To solve this problem, Japanese has changed in relaxation of restriction in use of syllable conjunction. Also this phenomena became a norm in change of history in language. As examples of relaxation of restriction are collapse of using syllable conjucion rule in Zyoudai-kanazukai(上代仮名遣い), Daku-on(濁音) in the first of words, allowance of Ragyou-on(ラ行音), collapse of rule of Rendaku(連濁), Renzyou(連声), increasing of You-on(拗音) syllable, allowance of Pagyou-on(パ行音), allowance of Soku-on(促音) in front of consonants or Hagyou-on(ハ行音), organization of Kagyou-Nasals(ガ行鼻音). The relaxations of restriction in use are results of the acceptance of foreign syllables as well as changes of phonemes and lead linguistic efficiency to adjust the development of Japanse modern culture.

In this paper, I investigated the characteristic of Japanese Middle construction through relationships between Modal adverbs and Middle construction in Japanese. Firstly, we could confirm that the relationships have to do with genericity; Modal adverbs Kanarazu and Zettai allow the relationship with Middle, however, Modal adverbs Kitto, Osoraku, Tabun do not with Middle, even though they seem that the adverbs co-relate with Middle construction. Because the syntactic restrictions don't have to do with genericity. Secondly, Modal adverb Hyottoshite, Moshikashite, Doumo, Douyara do not with Middle, which they don't have to do with genericity, and the modal adverbs require auxiliary verbs. Thirdly, the modal adverbs Hyottoshitara, Hyottosuruto, Moshikashitara, Moshikasuruto, Tashika, Tashikani allow optionally the relationship with Middle; These syntactic phenomenons ralate to distress of the native speakers who judge the relationship between the modal adverbs and Middle. The native speakers tend to confuse Middle sentences relate with these modal adverbs are interrogative sentence, not declarative sentence. The Modal adverbs Hyottoshitara, Hyottosuruto, Moshikashitara, Moshikasuruto relate not interrogative sentence, but declarative sentence. Lastly, Modal adverbs Tashika and Tashikani do not relate with Middle. Because They have to do with Middle which have semantic characteristic of both generic and judgement sentence.

Roppyakuban-Uta-awase was the base of an establishment of Shin-kokinshu. There are thirty four poets that have reference of Roppyakuban-Uta-awase. This paper analyzes a four-season song which is highly related with the author of Shin-Kokin-Shu; Yoshitune, Jien, Teika, Ariie, etc. Those thirty four poets in Shin-Kokin-Shu formed new style of Waka. Also those new type of authors, so called Miko Hidarike, had many of masterpieces based new style. Their poets took precious roles to form the foundation of Shin-Kokin-Shu style. As a result of the study, new authors who contributed to the Roppyakuban-Utaawase formed new style of poets. Their efforts are still existed in Shin Kokin Wakashu and glitters in the history of Japanese literature. They; the new style's poets of Miko-hidari followed the footstep of Shunzei who the most wonderful poet in the rhythmical elements. At the same time, their rhetorical expression is colorful, sensible, and variable. Therefore, this is a truly new-appeared style.

So far, we have looked into the big picture of literary translation in colonial Korean : how it had been changing its subject, object or method in relation to political and economical situation. The study is focused on literary works in 『Korean Peninsula』, 『Chosen(and Manchuria), which are Japanese magazines published in Korean. It is obvious that literary works in colonial Korean were generally written as the means of assisting colonial policy. However, the details vary throughout the era. Especially as Japan started to express the desire for colonization after the Russo-Japanese War, the literary works in 『Korean Peninsula』were translated in such a fashion that meets the demand for information about their colony. Thus, the literary works differed from traditional Japanese literature that were written for national propaganda or entertainment. Instead, they were aimed at promoting migration and gaining interests in transactions by conveying information about the society of Korean. And the purpose was also reflected on the objects or methods of translation. The litetary works were selected based on how exactly they showed custom of Korean. rather than how artistic they were. Furthermore, the translators took the methods of summarization, liberal translation and detailed annotation. Such tendency differentiates early translation in Korean from the translation afterwards which was conducted officially in order to establish colonial policy.

This study looks into a lifelong history of Genshin who had a decisive effect on the development of Jodo Buddhism, the Pure Land Buddhism in Japan, putting a history of Buddhism aside. Above all, this paper figures out the meaning of Seungdo, and then analyzes his family background including his mother’s rebirth and his sister Gansai’s story of Buddhist practice. The fact that three members of his family had rebirth in the Pure Land shows their unusual devotion and extraordinary practices toward Buddhism. All such environments may affect implicitly Genshin’s practice of the Buddha way. In addition, sacred image is given to Genshin by the precognitive dream about his birth getting a marble from the abbot of Dakaoji and the dream of receiving a divine message about Yokawa on Hiesan as a temple for his practice. The dream about a blurred mirror is interpreted as the initial step toward a saint. Gwaneum, Bisamuncheon, Mamyeong, Yongsu Bosal, and Dengyo Daishi appeared in Genshin’s dream, when he compiled his practice and thought into the Ichijoyoketsu, Essentials of the One Vehicle Teaching and the Ojoyoshu, Essentials of Birth in the Pure Land. It confirms the position of Genshin as a person carrying on the Buddha-dharma of Hiesan with mystique. Lastly, the conversation between Genshin and Gyoyou implies a sincere desire for rebirth in the Pure Land of the Amita Buddha. Auspicious purple clouds after his death are the sign of his rebirth. Especially, the emergence of Gwaneum Bosal, Hyeopsi Bosal of Amitabha Buddha, proves that he realized his desire for rebirth in the Pure Land of the Amita Buddha.

Actually, Lee Young Hee's 『Singing History(노래하는 역사)』 series have made a greater impact than『Mannyousyuu』 until now. Moreover, due to Lee's influence, people remember “『Mannyousyuu』 as a book which has been recited in ancient Korean “and “which mostly covers men and women's secret love story”. However, modern Chosun people during the colonial period didn't think of 『Mannyousyuu』 in such way. Normal Chosun people during the colonial period remembered 『Mannyousyuu』 as a collection of poems and songs about loyalty and patriotism through Maeil Shinbo by Seo Doo Soo's translation and 「One Hundred Patriotic Poems(愛国百人一首)」 by Kim Ok. At the same time, through Kim Ok's 「a translation of selections from the Mannyousyuu(万葉集鈔譯)」", Chosun people remembered『Mannyousyuu』 as a collection about Japanese family-love and respect toward Japanese emperor. During the Colonial period, Seo and Kim introduced 『Mannyousyuu』 in Chosun language firmly believing such translation was an act to disseminate Japanese as a national language(国語) in colonial Chosun and to subject the Chosun people under the Japanese yellow chrysanthemum. Also, they strategically chose Waka(和歌)which was thought to be useful to convey their intention and translated 『Mannyousyuu 』's "uta(歌)" to transplant a sense that Japanese is true Chosun's language to the Chosun people. In that sense, it can be said that『Mannyousyuu』 which was introduced during the colonial period was politically and strategically translated in order to support Japanese empire's colonial policy.

Yumeno Kyusaku is a mystery novel writer in the 1920-1930’s in Japan. This thesis focused on the meanings and the roles of the psychiatric hospital in his novel Kichigai jigoku[HELL OF THE MANIACS] which was published on the magazine [KAIZO] in 1932. The psychiatric hospital in this novel was described as a modern urban space and it worked only for the rich and the privileged class to maintain their wealth and power. The psychiatric hospital was not a place for helping and treating the people with mental illness but for imprisoning and controlling the people who were considered harmful for society. In the historical context of the 1930’s in Japan, psychiatric hospitals were often regarded as unusual, terrifying and uncanny spaces and also they were totally isolated from the society. As the word of the title ‘hell’ shows, in this novel, psychiatric hospital is symbolized as an absolute darkness. And once a person fell into it, he is never able to get out of the darkness by himself and it was just same as how the system of psychiatric hospitals worked. Kichigai jigoku[HELL OF THE MANIACS] could be said that it was a novel which showed the dark hidden side of Japanese modern society in the early 1930’s.

As far as the interpretation of this work and electrical junction, whether related to akutagawa. That is leading research into the history, whereas, this novel and criticism of these things. First, the objective is to target the <me> narrative is ruled out. As a result there was a narrative of the landscape. That description is looking at ways to <me> on the objective behind the speaker's third-person, whilst extremely technical and how <me>. In this way, the <me>, had been a target objective narrative are precluded. As a result, leaving only the narrative of the landscape. Second, the tangerine color brilliant moment thought of <Charlton's impressive> impressed. There has never been a revelation, in that moment of touching and <me> cornelius, as in For example, fatigue and boredom did can you even have a life worth living actively take it was interpreted as a side. It is on top of the life in sight, and akutagawa small's life, but to see Toro comes from there is constructed by replacing the need to do art museum works would need to be analyzed. These results, but will this work on a textbook author's autobiographical works by escaping from the fact expressed the essence of.

This article is aimed for the research on Shimazaki Toson's Literature, in terms of analysing his Japanese modern poetry focused on the receptiveness of the Western European Literature, This thesis is emphasized on the analysis of the transfigurations of words, expressions, and thoughts in 「Preface To The Lyrical Ballads」W.Wordsworth in the course of receptivity and modification of it As a concrete research measure, at first, it was to pursue the Western European literature traces, secondly, to clear the traces origin from whose and what works. So as to do those analyses, it was to turn efforts toward Toson's autobiography novel, Sakura no mi no jukusuru toki〔버찌가 읽을 무렵〕to select his favorite writer and works, to compare Toson's verses' lyric frame with 「Preface To The Lyrical Ballads」 and to find out parallels and similar plot and frame of them, and the distinct relationship between modern way of thinking in Japanese Meiji Period. As a result of that, in Toson's poetry, the Western European thoughtful and philosophical language turned into the natural native Japanese beyond the limit of the characteristic of emotional Japanese language. All things considered, Toson is a more writer, than a critic or a theoretician, who utilizes and exploits aggressively for his literature activity and his self-realization and pursuit-identity, in terms of diffusing the Japanese culture, adapting and modifying and receiving the lyricism of W.Wordsworth's poetry.

This article considers the Korean Residents literature mainly [A Foreign Body] of Hyonyeol. Hyonyeol (1963-)is Korean writer , living in Japan and currently he is the most active writer in Japan. When The Shade House received the Akutagawa prize in 2000, he begun working the literary world in earnest in Japan. After that he investigated absurdity which was minority group of the Korean residents society through some of the works and has gazed steadily at the fundamental evil Hyonyeol throws an image on a work as the Korean residents in Japan and grasps existence of a human successfully ,so it can be said that his work get universality. He is known as a writer that the universal aspects of humans rather than the special circumstances of Koreans living in Japan, though he himself is one. This article considers mainly [A Foreign Body] of his works and the Korean residents in Japan. Almost all the Korean Residents Literature mainly treat Japanese society distinction of the Korean residents in Japan whereas Hyonyeol's A Foreign body treats new discord which are Japanese, generation Korean-Japanese, a first generation Korean-Japanese, a second generation Korean-Japanese and Old comer and New Comer. The writer said that the feeling of irritation exist between Japanese and the Korean residents in Japan moreover each group has the feeling of irritation. This article examines how to get and receive like the discord in a person of [A Foreign Body]. As we demonstrated. The korean residents in Japan have a problem with Japanese, each a generation and discord of old comer and new comer.

Japan is a homogeneous society like Korea for a long time. Japan has implement a Multicultural policy for social integration. Multicultural society is a society that the member of various countries and various races admit cultural difference and work on even terms. Even there are some underestimation of Multicultural symbiosis policy in Japan because of the central government's reach is insufficiency, but Their Implications for Korean Multicultural policy aren't exactly low. There are two fundamental differences between Multicultural policy of Korea and Japan. The one is the different levels of a local self-governing system. and the other is the difference the power of unity of foreign residents. The Local self-governing system in Japan has not mandatory affairs. and The gap of pocketbook of Korea and Japan is too big. so The Korean local government can not set up a new business. Korea establish countermeasures to protect human rights and social integration at central government level since public indifference of minority. But Minority in Japan like Korean residents in Japan draw public attention by conducting a campaign for anti-apartheid movement and refusing to be fingerprinted, etc. So some Japanese local government like Kanagawa and Kawasaki carry out a futuristic Multicultural policy. And some Japanese local government that Japanese-Brazilian live in large groups repeat various experiment for Multicultural symbiosis policy and complement a negative policy of the central government's. Local government can cope with the situation where they have to decide immediately, so important.

This paper tries to address what responses Japanese male and female intellectuals showed facing the policy of ‘women’s liberation’ unilaterally given by the GHQ during the period of U.S Military Administration with special reference to two items, ‘woman suffrage’ and ‘housework.’ As a way for this purpose, I have reviewed reports and essays during the period of U.S Military Administration in Fujinkoron ‘public discussion among wives,’ a magazine that had actively discussed sincerely about women’s liberation from before World War II. As for women’s suffrage given without preparation, people, regardless of gender, showed worries on women’s engagement in politics, and also revealed somewhat sardonic responses to the first female politicians’ disappointing behavior. Also, women’s liberation tended to be identified with the ‘liberation from housework’ and the exaggeration and distortion of American household appliances could easily encourage excessive expectation of the liberation from housework and vague aspiration to America. However, we can see that women began to show their own realization and reflection on woman suffrage, and such problems got overcome as the vague aspiration to Americans’ appliances was turned into interest in their background institutions and values. women’s liberation, woman suffrage, housework, Fujinkoron, America

Recently in Japan, It is changing of the recognition about the East sea that is the transportation and communication routes for freely the delivery of information between Japan and other areas. Also the importance are being raised up in culture exchanges among civilizations of the sea. This theory is also primitive and ancient Asian exchanges are giving increasing attention to. And the current perception of jomon-culture are demanding a fundamental review. Currently being discussed in Japan, the study of jomon culture has the following characteristics. That is not a lonely and poor in jomon culture, a culture based on the macroscopic viewpoint, but in a comprehensive look at the theory of jomon civilization. In addition, the movement to erect a new images of jomon culture remarkable. In Japan, As more the research of jomon culture increases, become relationship in the East sea rim. Therefore, future research achievements in Japan and the East Sea rim, including the comparative examination of the research results need to review. This results in studies in South Korea's east coast native will be a great stimulant. Another trend that has gotten stronger the more attention it can be called the East sea rim.

In Japanese modern literature after the Meiji Restoration, The trend of emphasis on the description is based on not exaggeration or fiction, but facts or experience has come into fashion. and In Japanese modern Art that inherit a tradition of Edo's Dutch Studies, The work awareness of the importance of the beauty that Realistic description by perspective is in the limelight. Western civilization should be scientific, rational and reasonal in Eastern countries including Japan that There was no tradition describing observer’s viewpoint, keep aloof from the target. But in 1893, the appearance of Bungakgai and kuroda touched off a debate about the painting from nature and idea. This dispute about subject and object made a new phenomenon that access between Painting and literature from the beginning myojo. i.e. the persons who share the same realization, not Representation about art created culture member of a art coterie and art coterie magazine. It is enough to create the period costumes trend of art. The best example of this is in vogue that naturalism and landscape painter , watercolors to paint by hakubakai focusing kuroda. The understanding of the nature and the human in naturalism that describing the realities from the sidelines can have something in common parallel to nature and human in Kuroda’s landscape paintings after 1910s.