KJC Korea
Journal Central

In this study, print advertisements issued in both countries were compared and analyzed in terms of four types of rhetoric such as Antithesis, Inversion, Hhyperbole, Interrogative method. In the case of the food industry, Korean showed the usage patterns in the order of hyperbole > Antithesis > interrogative method> Inversion among the four types of rhetoric, and Japanese showed the actual usage in the order of the Inversion > Antithesis > thyperbole > In the case of the retail industry, the research shows that the order of use was in the order of hyperbole > interrogative method > Antithesis > Inversion in the order of the rhetoric law, and Japanese was used in the order of the Inversion > Antithesis > hyperbole > interrogative method. Noteworthy here is that in the case of the retail industry, hyperbole accounted for more than half of the total (60.4%), while in Japanese it was 15.5%. In addition, in the case of Japanese, it was confirmed in this study that the use of the doctrine in the retail industry was 53.5% of the total, while that of Korean was only 4.5%. In this paper, the analytical industries were limited to the Antithesis, Inversion, hyperbole, and interrogative method in the food industry, the retail industry, and the rhetoric. However, in the future, We will attempt to do a comparative study on the advertising.

Chinese character 舳 meaning ship(船) was written in the ancient Japanese texts of 『Nihonsyoki(日本書紀)』, 『Fudōki(風土記)』, 『Manyōsyū(万葉集)』, and it was read /ɸë/. It is simply pointed out that /ɸë/ has the relationship with the Korean /pɐi()/ in the Iwanami’s Oid Japanese Dictionary(岩波古語辞典) without any grounds. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the relationship between Old Korean /pɐi()/ and Old Japanese /ɸë/. 閇 is the phonetic alphabet of /ɸë/ representing for the 舳 written in No. 894 of Manyōsyū. The phonetic value of 「閇」 is assumed to be [ei] from the result of the analysis of several materials, but [ei] does not correspond to the sound of /ɸë/ but to the one of /ɸe/. Looking from the Chinese phonological point of view, it could be seen through contemporary Chinese poetry that Qi rime(斉韻[ei]) and Jie rime(皆韻[ɐi]) were used as the same rimes during the first era(370-497 years) of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Because 閇 was replaced with /ɸë/ during the first era of the Dynasties, it is explained with an example of the Sino-Korean /폐[pjəi]/ that the sound was assumed as [pei]. Looking at these two points of view, the fact that 閇/Fë/ was written as 舳 reflects the strong relevancy with Ancient Korean /([pʌi])/.

This paper analyzed the tone marks of the proper nouns of Korean origin in the Syakunihongi which have not been studied. Specifically, the characteristics and the potential as a tone-mark-related material of the proper nouns of Korean origin were discussed. The analysis about Kenten, which owns majority of the tone marks, revealed that it did not correspond with the tone marks of Middle Chinese sounds. That is, it did not reflect the Middle Chinese sounds directly. Next, in order to understand the interference of the Japanese sounds, the correspondence between tone marks in the material and Japanese Go-on and Kan-on was analyzed. The result showed that Kyosyo of Japanese Go-on and Jyosyo and Kyosyo of Japanese Kan-on were marked with Hyosyo. This was closely related to the marking pattern with Hyosyo in the old manuscript. When we compared the Chinese characters which were used in the old manuscript with Iwasaki manuscript, Maeda manuscript, Toshyoryo manuscipt, it was revealed that they have high ratio of correspondence. Accordingly, it is assumed that the Syakunihongi could be used as an academic material which supplements the shortage of old manuscript in terms of the quantity.

The residence of the Japanese married woman residing in Korea had the longtime history, but I was tinged with character of the mixed marriage home and did the social network with Korea and the Korean through occupation activity with a family and a relative and understood that the social network with Japan and the Japanese ran life in Korea through a friendship group called <Lotus Gathering>. Most of the daily life languages of the Japanese married woman residing in Korea used Korean, and a base of the code-switching was often a Korean base, too. In addition, the case that `-hada' was in charge of as for the utilization of the end of a word was most of because there was much code-switching with the Korean base in the case of Japan married woman residing in Korea judging from "Japanese+hada" which was the form that was characteristic in a form of the code-switching of the person of 2 language combination of Korea day most and a form of "Korean+hada". In addition, the borrowing of the Japanese noun was frequent in the stem of a word put before `-hada', and the grammatical sense of incongruity remained in a minimum.

This article is written for investigating and analyzing the relationship between sentence construction and meaning of words in adjective predicative sentence that express 'Kankaku', a kind of 'sense' or 'feeling'. As a result, major usages and pattern of the sentences including 'Kankaku' expression were as follows. ① There are 7 kind of meaning range that describe 'Kankaku' ; 'Sikaku, Thyoukaku, Kyuukaku, Mikaku, Zaisitsukankaku, Kisyoukankaku, Isikikankaku'. ② The patterns of 「N1ha․ga＋A」 and 「N2ha(ga)＋N1ga＋A」 are the basic sentence pattern that express 'Kanaku'. This pattern is used in all range of 'Sikaku, Thyoukaku, Kyuukaku, Mikaku, Zaisitsukankaku, Kisyoukankaku, Isikikankaku'. ③ 「N2ha․ga＋N1ni＋A」 sentence pattern is used in the meaning range of 'Sikaku, Mikaku, Zaisitsukankaku, Isikikankaku'. Preposition 「ni」 means the window of the judgement. ④ 「N2ha․ga＋N1de＋A」 sentence pattern is used in the meaning range of 'Sikaku, Kyuukaku, Isikikankaku'. Preposition 「de」 means the cause of the judgement. ⑤ 「N2ni＋N1ha․ga＋A」 sentence pattern is used in the meaning range of 'Sikaku, Kyuukaku, Mikaku, Kisyoukankaku, Isikikankaku'. Preposition 「ni」 means the main subject that feel the judgement of 'Kankaku'. ⑥ There are many points of contact that coincide each other in the meaning range of 'Sikaku, Mikaku, Zaisitsukankaku, Kisyoukankaku, Isikikankaku'.

This paper examines the typology of syllable constraints from the perspectives on neutralization of laryngeal contrasts and assimilation in Kagoshima Japanese within the framework of Harmonic Serialism. Kagoshima Japanese exhibits deletion of non-initial high vowels. Word final stops and nasal caused by apocope are neutralized to placeless segments (i.e., glottal stop and uvular nasal respectively). And word internal consonant clusters (C1C2) created by syncope are assimilated or reduced depending on the combinations of consonants. If C1 is stop, there occurs assimilation or coda reduction depending on the type of C2: (i) stops entirely assimilate to following obstruents, however (ii) stops reduce to glottal stops before sonorants. The author analyzed these patterns of reduction and assimilation by gradual step with fixed hierarchy of anti feature spreading faithfulness elicited from P-map.

This paper aims to examine the vowel lengthening and shortening in Murayama Japanese within the framework of Optimality Theory. Short vowels in mono-moraic nouns become to long vowels in Murayama Japanese. This lengthening is due to a minimum size restriction. Due to the constraints Lx≈PrWd and Headedness(PrWd), a lexical word must contain at least one foot. And the constraint FtBin requires feet to be either disyllabic or bimoraic. Hence a lexical word must at least be bimoraic. But mono-moraic nouns cannot satisfy the minimum word requirement. Therefore, Vowel lengthening occurs in mono-moraic nouns to be bimoraic words. Long vowels are shortened in word final position in Murayama Japanese. To account for this phenomenon, I adopt constraints NonFinality(μ'), NonFinality(σ'), Align-R, and Max-μ. And I proposes the ranking NonFinality(μ') ≫ Align-R, NonFinality(σ')≫ Max-μ. Align-R requires that any accent falls as far to the right as possible. Nevertheless, because NonFinality(μ') dominates Align-R in the dialect, the final accent is not allowed. Hence an accent appears on the penultimate mora. By the way when a word final vowel is long vowel, if an accent is located on the penultimate mora, the markedness constraint NonFinality(σ') is violated. To avoid this violation, long vowels are shortened in word final position in Murayama Japanese.

This study examined three synonymous words (ozzei, ooi, and takusan) in Japanese by classifying modified nouns as human nouns, animal nouns, object nouns, place nouns, or abstract nouns and compared the different roles of the three words as adnominal modifiers. The summary of the main findings is as follows. First, the word oozei can only modify human nouns, and, therefore, cannot modify other kinds of noun categories, such as object nouns, place nouns, or abstract nouns. When the word modifies human nouns, the modified noun can be either singular or plural. Second, the word ooi can modify human nouns, animal nouns, object nouns, place nouns, and abstract nouns. However, there is a constraint on the form of the modified nouns. Whereas both the singular and plural forms of human and place nouns can be modified by ooi, it is only possible to modify the singular forms of animal, object, and abstract nouns with it. Third, although the word takusan shares many features with ooi as adnominal modifiers, there exists a difference between the two lexical items. As mentioned earlier, the word ooi can modify both singular and plural forms of the place noun. Takusan, however, can only modify the singular form of the place noun. Examples of this, though, are very rare.

This argues that makurakotoba (枕詞), which was followed by proper nouns such as god and place names in the divine messages, was originally used as shōshi (称詞) to explain their origins and to praise gods’ dignity or divinity, and that it was later standardized into the five letter form as it began to be hired in rhythmic kayō (歌謡) or waka (和歌). It is assumed that more various types of makurakotoba were used before the standardization process. Shamans possessed by gods used rhythmic predicative shōshi including shamanistic god names in the divine messages for their memorial services, which was orally transmitted and then the praise part began to be omitted. God names in the transitional phases such as makurakotoba form, shōshi form, and divine message form are found here and there in the old documents. This study argues that the origin of makurakotoba was various complex pre-modifying shōshi employed to express the origin, praise and marvel of gods in the divine messages by shamans and that it was later standardized into four or five letter forms in kayō or waka because complex praise forms which were difficult to understand need to be simplified.

This study found that the anxiety element of learners to teachers (NT:a Japanese native teacher and NNT:a Japanese non-native teacher) that occurs before class starts in the mother tongue uses the environment of the learner. Students of six universities, who are taking a Japanese class, were asked about anxiety towards the lessons held by NT and NNT. Data was analyzed using both a factor analysis and a one-way ANOVA. The findings of NT revealed that the following two factors were extracted. The first factor is “anxiety about teacher's Korean language ability and Korean culture understanding.” The second factor is “anxiety about understanding of the class and communicating with teachers." As a result of the one-way ANOVA, in the second factor, a significant difference was shown between the two groups. Groups with learning experience ranging more than one year and less than two years, and longer than 4 years, had a low degree of anxiety. In comparison, groups with learning experience ranging more than two year and less than four years, and shorter than one year had a high degree of anxiety. The findings of NNT revealed that the following three factors were extracted. The first factor is “anxiety about knowledge and education in relation to Japanese culture”, the second factor is “anxiety about knowledge and Japanese operational ability”, and the third factor is “anxiety about educational methods." Using one-way ANOVA, we examined differences between groups by learning experience, but no significant difference was found.

This study explores the use of address terms, reference terms and verbal phrases between members of a couple in Korean and Japanese with special focus on the gender difference. It has been found that these terms and verbal phrases are used unevenly between the members when they talk directly with their spouses or with the third person, and that this unevenness is more strongly and diversely observed in Korean couples than in Japanese couples. In particular, a wife refers to her husband as her superior by using such terms as ‘Kwajangnim ‘Section manager’’ or ‘Hyengnim ‘Big brother’’, and the frequency rate of such terms appeared to be more than 30%. These trends are deemed to be caused by the difference in the honorific system between the two languages, i.e. conditional honorification in Korean vs. unconditional honorification in Japanese, and the traditional man-centred family system in both cultures. However, it is expected that the unequal use of such terms between couple will be gradually decreased as the nuclear family system is further expanded, the low birth rate continues, women’s participation in economic activities further increases and the gender equality is more widely recognised.