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This paper discusses the structural and meaning features of causative from/for V-ing constructions as complement and provides insight on their grammatical characteristics revealed from alternation between prepositions for and from in nonfinite V-ing complement clause constructions. Guided by empirical data, this paper demonstrates that there are three types of syntactic patterns classified by the main verbs in these constructions and that these three syntactic types are closely linked with the meaning. These classifications are supported by the passivizations and aspect. In addition, this paper suggests that the function of for and from followed by nonfinite V-ing clause should be treated as a preposition introducing nonfinite V-ing clauses.

As a living space, house constitutes a good part of inhabitants’ life, making the rhythm of life. This rhythm tends to be reflected into the house, establishing a sort of intercommunications between the house and its inhabitants. Becoming a living element, the house can endow the writer with literary resources. It is interrelated with its inhabitants. Thus, Duras' work preserves many invisible and fusional traces of links between her characters and the house. With her writing, the house displays important traces of life, with which a body of meaning is to be formed. It implies habits, imprints, links, and so on. Here, its projection into the imaginary also takes place for our writer. With this perspective in view, Duras is supposed to objectify her characters as physical and imaginary bodies. This introduces the passage from the real to the imaginary and vice versa. Unknown stories hidden behind the living places can come to manifest themselves through her writing.

This paper provides an in-depth examination of the relationship between cinema and Giorgio Agamben’s aesthetics and philosophy. Intersecting Agamben’s key concepts including gesture, mediality, biopolitics, historicity, and profanation with historical and aesthetic dimensions of cinema, I argue for his ambivalent view on cinema and visual media. On the one hand, Agamben linked cinema and visual media to his discussion on biopolitics and spectacle as he considered them as apparatus for capturing and controlling gestures. On the other hand, he also argued that cinema could restore the image with capacity to preserve and recuperate gestures based on his consideration of montage as cinema’s key aesthetic and technical component (an operation of profanation) and his Benjaminian thought on the ways in which montage suspended linear flow of images and activated an alternative memory of them. Drawing on history of cinema and optical devices in the 19th and early 20th centuries as well as examples of found footages of filmmaking predicated upon stoppage and repetition of images, I argue that Agamben’s concept of potentialities can be extended into his thought on cinema and visual media apparatuses in general.

The purpose of this paper is to compare learners' academic texts with academic texts of native speakers and to examine the usage patterns of learners' objectification strategies in detail. In order to achieve objectivity as a discourse mechanism applied to describe the results of academic inquiry in a scientific way with universality and validity, we analyzed concepts and signs such as related intentionality, accuracy, and mitigation of the linguistic markers of objectification strategies. As a result of the comparison, it was analyzed that there are intersectional overlaps with the signs that reveal objectivity, signs indicating related mechanisms, and there is a different set that is differentiated. Objective markers can be broadly classified as emphasizing stativity of research results, separating research subjects from research results, and generalizing research contents. Sustainable expressions and noun phrases emphasize statehood, and non-inhabited expressions, passive expressions, and self-quotations are maintained in the distance between the claimant and the writer, and the pluralization through first-person pronouns and suffixes contributes to generalization. In the case of the learner, the non-inhuman expression of the quotation type appears to be very less compared to the maw speaker, which could be due to the lack of recognition of the citation method of the Korean academic text. Next, in the generalization of the research contents, the expression of 'we' was very less compared to the maw speakers.

The objective of this study is to classify the conversations in Chinese textbooks into four social units (speech community, speech situation, speech event, speech act) adopted by Dell Hymes (1972), and suggest application of the results involving the conversation to the curriculum of Chinese education. Towards this end, this study assumes every conversation in the Chinese textbooks as coordination of specific speech events and acts under specific situations. This study introduces the concept of social unit adopted by Dell Hymes (1972), and elucidates their role in conversation. Thus, this study reconsiders the conversations recorded in the textbooks not from a morphological or syntactic viewpoint but from a speech perspective. Finally, this study suggests effective use of the results in the Chinese conversation classes.

This paper explores envy and jealousy caused by conflicts between youth and old age in Philip Roth’s The Dying Animal and Bumshin Park’s Eungyo. In Roth’s Novel, David became envious and jealous of a fictional man when he imagined “the pornography of jealousy.” In this pornography, his imagined rival was a young man who was once David himself but was no longer young who might steal Consuela away from him. In this sense, David's envy towards this young rival can be called “self-envy.” David considered sex an act of revenge on death. But his envy and jealousy undermined his power and effect. In Eungyo, envy and jealousy arose between Lee and Seo when they came into conflict because of Lee’s literary talent and Eungyo. At first, Seo admired Lee. But he grew envious of Lee's talent when he gained popularity and success by publishing Lee's novels under his own name. He was engulfed in jealousy when he detected Lee’s sexual desire for Eungyo. He even insulted Lee’s old age, which enraged Lee. Lee’s rage was mixed with his envy toward the young and his sense of betrayal against Seo. With Seo’s death, all these negative feelings disappeared. Instead, Lee was captivated by the pulsing breath of life and its beauty he observed in Eungyo.

One of the most lasting and influential projects for radical reform of Korean universities is a discourse on networking national and public universities. The discourse, proposed with a level equalization of universities as its ideological basis has raised various discussions and suggestions in the past 20 years. It was proposed as a fundamental solution to the ‘disastrous’ hierarchical structure of universities and ‘hellish’ entrance exam competition. This paper aims at reexamining the efficacy of its ideological proposition and its practicability at the present time in reference to such foreign cases, which have worked as model cases for this discourse: the reformation of the University of Paris and the California master plan for higher education in the 1960s. The two different contexts, however, should be considered in applying the cases to Korean university reform. 1) The foreign cases of united universities were formed ‘naturally’ in the expanding phases of higher education while the Korean project pursued ‘artificially’ in the midst of reconstructing process. 2) The foreign cases had an overall influence on education in general as most of the universities in those countries were public or national, while the effect of Korean project will be very limited as most of the university students attend private universities. Besides those differences, the new situations surrounding universities such as globalized competitiveness and technological innovation is making the idea of standardization of universities obsolete. Korean university reform should not be centered on the integration of universities but on their characterization and enhance the specific strengths of each group of universities.

In Korean society, universities represent institutions of higher education. Industrialization and economic development led to a small number of elite groups at the helm of these institutions. However, our society has encouraged a lifelong system of learning, and apparently, the present university system does not represent an ideal scenario. The Korean government recognized the need for appropriate changes. The events associated with the implementation of related policies occurred at the Ewha Womans University (Seoul) last year. This article is based on the notion of lifelong education to further our understanding of the role of university in the absence of a consensus among university and college members regarding lifelong learning in our society. As an alternative, we looked at the case of France, which is adopting a lifelong education system and implementing related policies ahead of us. Despite regulatory challenges and adaptation of the role of public education in lifelong learning, France has laid a solid foundation. In our case, we are recognizing the need to prepare for lifelong learning. In particular, it is necessary to increase public awareness of education by clearly recognizing our national responsibility and increasing the financial support to universities, accordingly. Above all, the role and attitude of universities must change, along with the perception of its members.

This paper is a study on French of Lee Sang's poems called metaphysical scandals in Korean poetry. Is poetic language he used a common poetic word or a non-poetic word in French? What kind of harmony do words and sentences composed of French have with Korean, Chinese character, and non-poetic word? Based on these questions, we analyzed a command of French, that is symbolic, geometrical, and pictorial French as well as repetitive and parallel constitution used in form of words and sentences. In Lee Sang's poems, as a result, the use of French is seen as a mixture of non-poetic word. It shows characteristics that reject traditional native language and the creation of poetry. In his poems, French is also an important factor of avant-garde poetic material and experimental creation technique. In his poems, French is used as a special tool to express internal conflicts of the poet. Lee Sang showed experimental style that could not be found in modern Korean literature by using signifier and signifed that french language has.

The indigenous movement in Ecuador, which has been one of the most successful social movements since the 1980s, has been declining since the 2000s. The rapid disintegration and weakening of the indigenous movement with the emergence of the Correa regime is closely related to the geopolitical realities of Ecuador. This study examines the Pachakutik, an independent political organization, as the reason behind the movement’s weakened political power and crisis that was experienced under the Correa regime since the 2000s. Until the early 2000s, the indigenous movement exercised considerable political power through CONAIE. CONAIE formed the Pachakutik, in order to resolve their issues politically through elections. Despite the successes of the 1990s, the electoral strategy since the 2000s led to eventual fragmentation and decline of the indigenous movement. Therefore, the impact of Pachakutik on the growth and decline of the indigenous movement has important implications for the future. The need for expansion through intercultural discourses and strategies rather than electoral strategies cannot be overstated. In other words, new approaches are needed to sustain the indigenous movement.

Based on the previous analysis by Wanghongjun(2008), this paper applies Optimality Theory (OT) to the field of partial reduplication in Korea to increase its scientific validity. Toward this end, I propose an alternative analysis of Korean partial reduplication, applied as a single process of prefixation. Reduplicated words by prefixation are divided into two types: with a heavy syllable of the stem, and another with the stem. The two types of partial reduplication are closely related by the sound features. In addition, I discussed Chinese partial reduplication from a prefixation perspective within the framework of OT and performed contrastive analysis of Korean and Standard Chinese processes of reduplication by focusing on constrained rankings. As a result, the alternative analysis showed a systematic relationship among the reduplicated words in Korean and Standard Chinese. Lastly, I explained that the coronal /t/ and liquid /l/ have a special functional hierarchy in both languages. This study can be re-explained based on the framework of OT according to a few major constraints, involving MAX-BR, MAX-IO. Their rankings show the adequacy of analysis.

This paper examines the origin of the current Nigerian Yoruba artistic and cultural tradition through ancient artifacts and creation myths centered on Ilé-Ifé (or Ifé) located in the southwestern part of Nigeria and recognition of cultural relativity. In the oral tradition, kingdoms of Ijebu, Oyo, and Benin all have their origins in the ancient city of Ilé-Ifé, the cradle of Yoruba culture. Their founders were sons of Oduduwa, the god of Yoruba. In this way, kingdoms built around Ilé-Ife were closely connected with culture, religion, and society. In order to understand the Yoruba culture, research on Ilé-Ife, the source of their artistic and cultural traditions, is very important. The Yoruba are deeply rooted in Ilé-Ife. They have been steadily preserving their artistry since the beginning. They have been using it in their lives to this day for centuries. Their evidences are mythology and Ifa divination system. They are cultural heritages that represent the art of Yoruba and the spiritual culture. Ifa devination system is one of Yoruba traditions associated with Yoruba gods ‘Eshu’ and ‘Ifa’. It has been conducted among the Yoruba until now. If the culture and civilization of Africa, including these Yoruba traditional customs, are deemed illogical and superstitious, it would mislead their efforts to preserve the origin in its original form. If so, one should understand the relativity of other cultures and civilizations and the need for diversity and flexibility of value standards to judge their cultures and civilizations.