A review on the Sajeon that appeared in relation to cultivation of Jinjeon(陳田, wildland) of Sikhwaji in 『Goryeosa』

Oh, Chi-Hoon

In the Goryeo era, Jeonsigwa(田柴科) was provided to those who performed government service or were in charge of a certain Jikyeok(職役). Jeonsigwa concerned granting land and the right to obtain firewood, in other words, Siji(柴地). However, the land which was divided and distributed under Jeonsigwa was not to be directly given but only some amount of grains produced from the land were granted. The right to obtain some amount of grains is called Sujogwon(收租權, the right of collecting land tax). The land whose Sujogwon was commissioned to Yangban(兩班) bureaucrats under the system of Jeonsigwa was Yangbanjeon(兩班田). However, in the historical records at the time, Yangbanjeon was often expressed as Sajeon(私田). This is different from today's private land, but just in that Jo(租, land tax) belonged to individuals, not the government, it was called Sajeon. However, there are some cases where private land was called Sajeon and therefore special caution is needed when interpreting Sajeon of the Goryeo era. This paper reviewed Sajeon that appeared in relation to cultivation of Jinjeon(陳田, wildland) of Sikhwaji(食貨志) Geonje(田制) Jose(租稅) in Goryeosa(高麗史) and was able to find the followings. Sajeon that appears in panmun(判文, regulation) on Jinjeon cultivation was Sujoji(收租地) like Yangbanjeon. Therefore, unlike cultivation of private land, the government prescribed distribution of crops between Jeonju(田主) and Jeonho(佃戶). This is verified twice in the 24th year of King Gwangjong(光宗, 973) and the 6th year of King Yejong(睿宗, 1111). The regulation on cultivation during Gwangjong’s regime was a preliminary work for Jeonsigwa to be implemented three years later and reflected the result of transfer of political powers like purge of Hojok(豪族). King Gwangjong purged Hojok and meritorious retainers and appointed new powers in order to assume them as the basis of his politics. As a result there was disorder in land ownership by taking land owned by old powers and giving it to new bureaucrats. Jinjeon resulted from such political chaos and restrictions by agricultural environment. Accordingly, in 973, three years before the establishment of Jeonsigwa, the regulation on Jinjeon cultivation in order to create a systematic land distribution system was needed. The regulation on Jinjeon cultivation during Yejong’s regime resulted from poor management of Sajeon. Jinjeon cultivation and preliminary operational methods determined in early Goryeo era were not observed over time. Accordingly, bureaucrats illegally took Jo(租) from Jeonho or negligently managed Guninjeon(軍人田), triggering problems like soldiers' bankruptcy. As a result, in the 6th year of King Yejong, new regulation on the distribution of crops was made in relation to Jeonho and Sajeon owners, thereby seeking stable management of Sajeon.

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