Goryeo Envoys’ Use of the Jamchi System of the Mongol Empire

Jung Donghun

doi:10.31218/TRKH.2019.06.134.69

This study examines how the Goryeo envoys, who traveled between the two capitals of Goryeo and the Mongol Empire from the late 13th century to the late 14th century, utilized the jamchi(transport system) built by the Mongol Empire. The postal route between Gaegyeong(開京) and Daidu(大都) was almost identical to the inland jamchi network of the Mongol Empire: across the Yalu River–Eastern eight stations(東八站) - Liaoyang(遼陽) - Shenyang(瀋陽) - Daning(大寧) - Daidu. The distance of the route totaled 1,730km, while it was about 1,485km from Seoul to Beijing in the 15th and 16th centuries and about 1,530km in the 18th and 19th centuries. This was one of the most heavily trafficked routes of the Mongol Empire. Goryeo King was granted various kinds of credentials for using the jamchi by the Emperor and had the authority to issue them to his messengers. While other Princes and Lords were often restricted by being cited as the main culprits in the abuse of the postal system, Goryeo King actively utilized it after the 14th century. The envoys dispatched from Goryeo to the Mongol Empire could be divided into two types: 1) practical and non-regular envoys and 2) ceremonial and regular envoys, each showing differences in composition, size and speed of movement. However, both of them had been basically moving by using the jamchi system. 1) was able to reach Daidu in just 10 days, and 2) moved an average of 70km per day over 25 days in winter and 50km per day over 30 to 40 days in summer. When Goryeo King himself visited the Emperor, the largest delegation had moved, which required a great deal of supplies. In those cases, Goryeo migrants󰡑group(sauri) set up in Liaoyang and Shenyang, or Mongol central government supported them. Compared to later years, the number of envoys between the Goryeo and the Mongol Empire was overwhelmingly frequent. And the speed of travel was up to 173km per day, two to three times faster than that of the Joseon Dynasty. This was because Goryeo envoys were able to use the well-developed the jamchi system of the Mongol Empire.

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