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This article aims to demonstrate that the discovery of conservative enemies played a critical role in shaping the contour of postwar liberal scholarship of American history. It approaches this argument through the lens of the relationship between two of the most eminent and influential postwar liberal historians: Richard Hofstadter and Arthur Schlesinger Jr. While later scholars generally regarded them as the representative figures in the postwar liberal camp in the American historical profession, their early works exhibited considerable differences and they got involved with each other in a series of controversies over the nature of the American past. Hofstadter criticized the liberal consensus in American history for its obsession with the capitalist order, whereas Schlesinger Jr. rejected the notion of consensus highlighting the conflict between the people and the interests. In the 1950s, however, the conservative camp, previously weak and disarrayed, had come to establish a coherent political and social movement by gathering libertarians and traditionalists under the common banner of anti-communism. Facing the organized challenge by the “insane” McCarthyites and “evil” capitalists, Hofstadter and Schlesinger, along with many other liberals, came to reconsider the virtue of postwar liberalism. In their efforts to prove this, Hofstadter and Schlesinger discussed the historical achievements of FDR’s New Deal in The Age of Reform and The Age of Roosevelt, respectively.

This paper is aimed at examining the current state of research on the Korean Cultural Cold War having been conducted since the early 2010s and providing suggestions for further promoting such research. Led by specialists in various cultural and artistic fields, such as literature, film, fine art, and music, research on the Korean Cultural Cold War has produced outcomes in restoring the unknown history of Korean culture and intellect by reviewing various documents related to Cultural Cold War organizations having been made public since the end of the Cold War. In particular, the Cultural Cold War studies by researchers of Korean literature stands on the basis of the achievements of previous cultural studies, media studies, and translated literature studies, and reflects the fact that research of Korean literature is increasingly transformed into the Korean studies in a broader sense.

This article aimed to examine the life and collection of the writings by Maneun Han Eeun (1619-1688) and to confirm his hermit life and world of poetry. In particular, this article focused on examining how Maneun's reclusive life of a hermit is reflected in his poetry. First, Chapter 2 carefully reviewed Maneun's hermit life and collection of writings. Having examined Maneun's life in various ways, it found that he led a reclusive life by refusing to assume government posts and taking a low profile throughout his life. Subsequently, Chapter 3 attempted to examine the shape of Maneun's hermit life manifested in his world of poetry. Therefore, first, it was identified as a characteristic that Maneun examined in his works both the meaning and the vanity of life. As a result of analyzing the works, it was confirmed that Maneun felt depressed and vain about life at a relatively young age, and through this, he inferred some of the reasons why he lived a hermit life. Second, by analyzing the works that revealed the expression of a helpless life encountered in social chaos, this study identified the reason why Maneun lived a hermit life. There may be many reasons for Maneun's expression of his will to seclude himself, but he revealed that the helplessness and frustration he faced in the war further strengthened his will to seclude himself. Third, this study looked at the aspect of longing for another world through dreams. Many poems by Maneun were found to have been written in dreams, and he is aiming for a fresh world, not reality. And it was found that he aimed for a hermit life by realizing a Taoist world through dreams and assuming it as an utopia. This article is meaningful in that it fully understands Maneun as an author who lived a hermit life through his life, and at the same time, he has found various reasons why he had no choice but to set the direction of such life through the analysis of his works.

Literary figures in the traditional age expressed the state of “the scenery coming out of emotions, and emotions coming out of the scenery in poetry” through various images. As the technique of combining emotions and the scene has been used for a long time, ‘the scenery’ and ‘the object’ have also acquired a specific meaning. This aspect of literature especially can be found in Chinese poetry. This paper examines the expressive patterns of plant images in the works of Heo Nanseolheon and Li Qingzhao, each a representative Korean and Chinese female poet. This research will contribute to understanding the poems of female poets Heo Nanseolheon and Li Qingzhao in more depth. In the research, previous studies on Heo Nanseolheon and Li Qingzhao were thoroughly reviewed, and the number of plant images appearing in the works by Heo Nanseolheon and Li Qingzhao was examined and the most widely used types of plants were identified. Based on this, Chapter 3 compares and analyzes the images of ‘willow (楊柳)’, grass (草), ‘paulownia (梧桐)’, ‘lotus (蓮)’, ‘plum (梅)’, ‘peach (桃),’ ‘cassia (桂)’, ‘beaded (瓊/琪)’, ‘ganoderma lucidum (芝草)’, ‘chrysanthemum (菊)’, which appear more than three times in the works of two poets. As a representative plant image, ‘lotus’ for Heo Nanseolheon and ‘plum’ for Li Qingzhao can be mentioned. This study conducted a detailed analysis of plant image in two poets works that share similarity and difference in terms of expressing willow, grass, paulownia and ‘lotus, plum, peach, cassia, beaded, ganoderma lucidum, chrysanthemum’ respectively. Based on the reviews of plant images, this study examined the literary world of Heo Nanseolheon and Li Qingzhao, two outstanding female poets in the traditional society of Korea and China, respectively. This study of plant images depicts various aspects of pursuing freedom in a world where the two poets were trapped as women, and shows women’s resentment, sorrow, innocence, and self-consciousness resulting from social constraints.

This paper examined the meaning and the characteristics of self-referentiality of poetry. To this end, the elements of various layers constituting poetry were analyzed. In addition, this paper investigated the meaning of self- referentiality of poetry in relation to the existence of poetry. In addition, the functions and characteristics of the device acting on self-referentiality of poetry were examined through the elements of poetry. The elements of poetry serve as a device. In poetry, devices act as separation, coupling, and evolution. Poetic devices perform the role of maintaining and strengthening self-referentiality of poetry. Self-referentiality of poetry is the property of expressing oneself toward oneself. Self-referentiality of poetry is closely related to the action of the device performed by the elements of poetry. In addition, self-referentiality of poetry is related to the existence of poetry. Therefore, the device of poetry that acts on self-referentiality of poetry also plays a certain role in establishing the existence of poetry.

This article investigates how the regulations of sexual crimes in The Great Ming Code (Da Ming Lü) were actually applied in Joseon society and how the code affected the notions of sexual crimes and punishments and the formation of gender ideology with much focus on Book 25 “Committing Fornication” [Fanjian] of Chapter 6 “Laws on Penal Affair” in The Great Ming Code. The “Committing Fornication” section consists of 10 articles, from Article 390 Committing Fornication to Article 399 on human trafficking. First of all, the “Committing Fornication” section, which is highly concerned with female chastity, applies the same regulations to fornication with consent [hejian], which refers to consensual extramarital sexual intercourse or adultery, and forcible fornication [qiangjian] indicating rape. In addition, it forbids various sexual offenses such as incest, and extramarital sexual intercourse between master and slave, and other sexual violations based on differences in social status, and regulates punishments on each sexual offense. This article also examines a number of legal cases contained in the Heumheum sinseo (Towards New Jurisprudence) by Jeong Yak-yong in order to make a detailed analysis on how the regulations of The Great Ming Code were applied in late Joseon society and what is the difference between late imperical China and the late Joseon dynasty in the actual application of the law. In particular, the focus lies in the legal cases relating to sexual offenses in the section “Uiyul charye” containing the Qing Chinese legal cases and the “Sanghyeong chuui” section containing the penal cases of the period during the reign of King Jeongjo (r. 1776~1800), because a comparative legal analysis between Qing China and late Joseon society is completely possible through a close reading of the cases. As a result, this article sheds light on the fact that the legal authorities of both Qing and the late Joseon dynasty tended to expand ethical analyses beyond the regulations of sexual offenses defined in the code by stressing Confucian gender norms and female chastity.

In this paper, I tried to explain that the classification of active and passive euthanasia is not of great significance in the ethical discussion of euthanasia. For this purpose, the grounds for distinguishing between active and passive euthanasia were examined. It was clarified that “action,” “omission,” and “an intention to kill” cannot be the basis for distinguishing active and passive euthanasia. This study also proved that if the distinction between active and passive euthanasia fails, the position of banning active euthanasia and allowing passive euthanasia is not successful. In addition, this paper found a logical problem in Rachels' view, according to which active and passive euthanasia can be distinguished by action and omission but active euthanasia should be allowed because no moral difference exists between active and passive euthanasia.

This paper analyzes the problems of educational changes in the era of digital transformation and presents a new direction for digital literacy education for a better future in education. In the era of rapid digital transformation, the educational environment, conditions of education, as well as literacy education are in the process of change. Therefore, the importance of digital literacy is more emphasized than ever. However, we still do not fully understand the essential concept of digital literacy. Due to the lack of sufficient understanding, digital literacy education is not being conducted in the proper direction. In turn, the problem of ‘functional illiterate’ has arisen. This paper briefly compares the perspective of literacy and digital literacy shown in, with our case, Germany, and seeks to find the essential meaning of literacy, which is the ability to construct and understand reality: a condition for human existence. I would like to clarify that future literacy education should be the foundation for recognizing the diversity of reality and building a better life. Literacy education can also be understood as a part of skill education, within the context of use. As technical education, literacy education is likely to trigger a literacy crisis within itself. Therefore, it is necessary to try another transition for the digital transformation and Generative AI that is heading toward the era of new technology. We need a perspective of and a direction for this new transition. Human life is not dependent on and defined by technology. As a result, it is important to secure the possibility that human life can unfold widely in mutual relationships. Ultimately, future literacy education should move towards education that broadly and diversely understands the world based on the original meaning of literacy.

This paper analyzes Louis de Broglie’s lecture on the Nobel Prize. According to Fisher’s narrative paradigm, human life is a narrative, and humans give meaning to their behaviors through a narrative. De Broglie’s Nobel Lecture presents the narratives of background, of discovery, and of recognition, consistent with the hypothetical narrative model to secure the structural coherence among the narrative possibility in the narrative paradigm. In other words, the problem of matter physics and radiation physics being separated and not seamlessly connected is deepened by the derivation of quantum concepts. De Broglie reaches the concept of matter waves by attempting to solve the problem through the parallelism between light and matter using natural symmetry. His concept of matter waves is later confirmed with the support of theories and experiments. To ensure the material coherence, the speaker utilizes the mystery of matter-radiation mismatch, natural symmetry, Einstein’s relativity theory, wave mechanics, and electron diffraction experiments. For the characteristic coherence, the speaker gives proper roles to the main character de Broglie and other supporters like Planck, Einstein, Schrodinger, Davidson and Germer, and G. P. Thompson. The truthfulness and reliability required to satisfy narrative fidelity in the narrative paradigm draw the support of the audience through fact-based discussions expected in general scientific writings.

Museums have been recognized as the passive spaces for mainly organizing, storing, and displaying the past. For this reason, the studies of museums have not been properly conduced in relation to the present and the future. In particular, despite the existence of a large number of museums, especially memorial museums, the message of “Never Again” only rings hollow inside the museum, and the horrific human rights suppression of the past on display is still repeated outside the museum. Recognizing this gap, this study focuses on the disconnection between the past and the present that exists in these memorial museums, and analyzes the museum by following the experiences of visitors who act as a bridge between the past and the present. Existing research on museums tends to focus mainly on three aspects: the exhibition, the background of planning an exhibition, and the role of practitioners. Thus, current studies neglect discussions on the experience of visitors. The reason why this gap is regrettable is that the experience of visitors does not occur independently within the space of the museum, but is closely linked to the society they will return. In addition, it is because the visitor serves as a key link to practice the lessons advocated by the museum in real life. However, studies so far have analyzed museums separately from society (present) and alienate the voices of visitors. Hence, starting with research of the existing museums, this paper discusses the museum from the visitor's perspective through the visitor interviews conducted by the author. The author expands the case of the museum from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum by introducing the cases of new museums that practice an alternative exhibition that connects the museum from the past to the present and the future. Therefore, by introducing the exhibitions of the Legacy Museum in the United States and the War and Women's Human Rights Museum in South Korea, this study examines the missing parts of the existing memorial museum exhibitions and suggests a new direction for the memorial museum.