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This study aims to suggest alternatives for the realization of the economic zone in East-sea rim region, while researching the geopolitical changes and current status of economic cooperation. The East-sea rim region generally includes countries bordering East-sea, such as South Korea, Japan, North Korea, China(Northeastern Three Shengs) and Russia(Far East Area). However, in this study, the East-sea rim region only includes South Korea, Japan, and China due to the lack of data. Possible alternatives are as follows. Multi-layered and progressive approaches that simultaneously considers the spatial and temporal factors are essential to economic cooperation in the East sea rim region. Gradual expansion of economic cooperation in East-sea rim region can take a significant role in building the Northeast asian regional economic zone. In short-term, it is advisable to enhance the economic cooperation in a specific feasible region or industries. And in the long-term, the scope of the cooperation could be expanded from East-sea rim region to North-east Asia. The most practical alternative is the materials industry cooperation using the resources of the East-sea rim region. However, the economic cooperation could be expanded under the mutual trust considering the uniqueness and diversity of each countries. Enhancing the mutual interest and the political leadership of each country are also needed to build regional economic zone. Especially, South Korea should play as an arbitrator to prevent China and Japan from fighting for regional hegemony.

Whales in East-sea rim are the symbol animals have related with culture and histological perspectives of East-sea rim. Although it was called the whale sea at Ming dynasty and Yuan dynasty, but we can’t show many whales in this area anymore. These whales are the ecological crisis animals of East-sea rim. In this study, I have the purpose to know the reason of whale crisis in East-sea rim. I suggest, there are three major reasons of the ecological crises. First is indiscriminate fishing for eating purpose. The reason of the whale crisis by-catch is known that the materials of fishing tools but Korea and Japan government are not active to find the solutions. The problem of eating whale has been considered as traditional food culture of this area. Second is environmental contamination of East-sea rim particularly by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In the several reports, these whales of East-sea rim were shown high concentration of POPs or mercury. It is related with the rapid industry development of this area’s surrounding countries like Korea, Japan, and China. The increase of the water temperature in this area due to the climate change can be another important factor controlling the whale populations. There are several reports the number of whale in East-sea rim increased in 2009~2010. It has been suggested that the increase water temperature is related with increase the number of whale, but it is just a temporary status. Basically, we have to find the solution for whale conservation of East-sea rim and the cooperation with other surrounding centuries likes Japan, China and Russia. I suggest it can be the basic solution of peace sharing in this area and win-win situation for surrounding countries in East-sea rim.

This paper explores the development of multilateral cooperation networks of the local governments in East Sea Rim region, which were initiated in 1990s in order to develop local economies in the region. The multilateral networks including the Association of Northeast Asia Regional Governments (NEAR) and the Governors’ Conference of Local Governments in Northeast Asia were established for the institutionalization of cooperation among the regional local governments. Despite an initial high expectation, however, these networks haven’t been made a visible progress in the development of multilateral cooperation. Persistent real politics issues shaping Northeast Asian affairs including North Korean hostility, territorial disputes and conflict over the distortion of history among regional countries have hindered the local governments from moving toward a meaningful progress in institutionalized cooperation. Besides, the mixture of vulnerable industrial base and weak economic and financial structure of the local governments and their lack of capacity in actual implementation of the cooperative networks also contribute to the slow progress. By thoroughly reviewing current situation of the cooperation networks, this paper suggests several development strategies including the enhancement of mutual understanding among local governments, the exploration of cooperative agendas attracting the active participation of stakeholders (local governments, business interest, social groups), and the strengthening of linkages with other existing cooperation channels in the East Sea rim region.

This article focuses on the characteristics of care as depicted through the daily practices of Daoism observed in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, Daoism is a widely-practiced religion. Visiting Daoist temples such as Wongtaisin, Fungyingseenkoon and Chingchongkun is part of the daily life of Hong Kong people. Activities of Hong Kong Daoism put more emphasis on care. This article is based on the assumption that the philosophy of care is directly related to Lüzuwujibaochan, a Daoist canonical text, which is largely used for rituals in the Quanzhen sect of Daoism in Hong Kong. Lüzuwujibaochan contains the teaching of Lüzu, one of the divines in the Quanzhen sect of Daoism. Lüzu's teaching focuses on the proper way a Daoist should practice Daoism. Following Lüzu's teaching, a Daoist should discover her own way to become divine. If she puts in constant effort into building a good character, she will be able to live a happy and healthy life and become divine after her death. Rituals convey Lüzu’s teaching to the Daoist priests and other participants singing the canonical text. By worshiping Lüzu, a Daoist is talking to herself about the fundamental goal: living a healthy life and becoming divine by practicing Daoism everyday.

The purpose of this paper is to study Korean culture acquisition condition of Chinese students studying in Korea. In chapter II, “the Korean Culture Aquisition Process and Proficiency Level”, we looked into the actual state of their Korean language acquisition, speakers and the range of applications of Korean language. Most of the Chinese students studying in Korea go on to university with same peers speaking Korean at similar level after studying at Korean language educational institutions. However, it turns up that many students are having troubles in understanding the class, especially with the technical terms and Korean proverbs, and this means Korean language education should be taught with Korean culture. In chapter III, “Utilization and Prospect for Korean Culture”, we looked into correlationship between career after graduating from university and Korean language and expected future Korean language. Many Chinese students studying in Korea would like to go on to graduate school after graduating from university and work in the fields related with Korean Language. Many Chinese students studying in Korea wants to go on to graduate school after graduating from university, and work in the Korean language related fields. Futhermore, they expects that the needs for Korean language will be increasing with growing trade and cultural exchange of Korea.

This study aims to examine how a change in India’s foreign capital attraction policy and the enforcement of CEPA between South Korea and India have impacted South Korea’s direct investment in India. Following the South Korea-USA FTA conclusion (April, 2007) and the South Korea–EU FTA conclusion (July 2009), the enforcement of South Korea-India CEPA on January 1, 2010 has widely opened a gigantic India market with a population of 1.2 billion people to South Korea. With regard to this good business opportunity, this study aims to examine how a change in the Indian government’s foreign capital attraction policy and the enforcement of CEPA between South Korea and India have impacted South Korea’s FDI in India, especially, its investment in manufacturing businesses. According to the analysis of relevant data, the Indian government has –since 1991 opened its domestic product market, trade and financial sectors and guaranteed the free transfer of foreign capital and technology, while continuing to increase investments for building infrastructures for its weak industries. South Korea’s investment in India has steadily been increasing centering on manufacturing businesses, and especially has risen rapidly since 2003 when discussions on CEPA between South Korea and India began. Thus, this trend is deemed to be attributable to synergies that are triggered by a change in the Indian government’s policy on foreign capital attraction since 1991, as well as by the CEPA between South Korea and India.

Global financial and economic crisis, which was started in USA in September 2008, has had huge negative impacts on the global economy. The East Asian countries have been also hit by the global financial crisis directly or indirectly. As a way to overcome the financial crisis, eventually the East Asian countries have accelerated the pace of the increase of FTAs in the region even though FTAs started to increase rapidly in the region even before the crisis. There are three reasons for the rapid expansion of FTAs in recent years in the East Asian countries. Firstly, the global financial crisis was a good opportunity for the East Asian countries to recognize the needs to diversify their trading relations with more trading partners in the region. Secondly, the countries have become unsatisfied with the WTO mainly because of slow progress in multilateral trade liberalization and of the limited coverage of WTO rules. Thirdly, the East Asian countries have regarded FTAs as an important regional policy instrument. As a way to the economic integration among the East Asian countries, many possible ideas have been introduced. Among these the most possible one is this: firstly FTAs among Korea, China and Japan should be established and EAFTA including 10 ASEAN member countries and Korea, China and Japan should be formed. And the three countries should form a FTA with high level of trade liberalization. In terms of the way how to build FTAs among the three countries, Korea should play the mediating role very aggressively in order to form a FTA among the three countries.

The central stages of ‘Studying Tibet(藏學)’ are China(中國) and Taiwan(臺灣) because they have far more quantitatively and qualitatively excellent expert scholars, research institutes, and scholarly journals related to Tibet published from Tang Dynasty(當代) to the present than any other country or region. Although Korea has already shared outstanding dissertations on research trends and characteristics for studying Tibet with China’s academic world, getting to know Taiwan’s research trends and developments, the other major stage, is insufficient. That is why this paper is required and what this paper intends to examine. This paper has the following specific objectives and meanings. First, unlike China’s study trends on Tibet already published and shared in Korea, Taiwan’s research trends and characteristics, the other framework when studying Tibet, have not substantially produced any outcomes in Korea yet. Thus, this paper attempts to take a look at conditions and changes of Taiwan’s study on Tibet from Tang Dynasty to the present and compare and contrast(異同) them to China’s. Second, to conform the first objective, the paper tries to comprehend Taiwan’s research characteristics and trends by analyzing its major research institutes, scholar groups(群), and their dissertations. Third, this paper derives from a personal and scholarly reason that I received a degree for the study on Tibet in Taiwan. Therefore, there exists a chance that my subjective reasoning might threaten the paper’s objectivity and balance. On the other hand, since my longtime study in Taiwan can bring out benefits to profoundly and specifically grasp Taiwan’s study status on Tibet, my academic backgrounds will be more likely to lead the study more practical and realistic. Fourth, today’s study on Tibet is conducted in many fields. Even Korea has accumulated quite a few outstanding personal researches or joint researches among scholars. As a useful tool to introduce the study on Tibet to Korean academic world, this paper will help set up a milestone to activating and directing Korea’s study on Tibet in the future.

The Korean film industry underwent dramatic changes in the past decade. Hollywood films had long dominated the Korean market. Yet, this suddenly changed in the late 1990s when the Korean film industry began to churn out box office hits and thus came to challenge Hollywood’s supremacy in Korea. Recognizing the centrality of the Korean government’s policies in the development of the Korean film industry, in this article I aim to examine the changes in the Korean government’s policies and how they contributed to the resurgence of the Korean film industry. I first look at the Korean government’s policies before the 1990s and how they led to the decline of the Korean film industry. I examine the significant changes in the government’s view and policies with regard to the culture industry in the mid-1990s and the reasons behind these changes. I review how this context came to provide a backdrop for the changes in the government policies toward the Korean film industry from control and regulation to promotion and support. I also briefly discuss the limits of these changes, as they narrowly focused on the economic aspect of the film industry.

With Korea’s annual data from 1986 to 2008, the regression results are found to be consistent with the hypothesis that business corruption and public sector corruption have detrimental effects on growth. In a comparison between two indicators of corruption, business corruption is more important factor than public sector corruption in explaining the growth. The Stock-Watson causality test indicates that two causal relationships between each pair of corruptions exist; reducing one is likely to result in reductions in the other, implying that business and public sector corruptions may be one package in policy formulation. It is also evident that growth is enhanced at a faster rate with reduced business and public sector corruptions as physical technology is developed. Given the interaction term, physical technology is more sensitive to business corruption than to public sector corruption. The results from the estimated error correction model suggest that each of business and public sector corruptions has a contemporaneous effect as well as a long-term effect.

What do mean Zhonghua minzu(中華民族)? With the advent of the Western imperialism, The world-view of chinese was shaken. it is not solely China’s world anymore. China tries to seek a national identity, and she needs the rebirth of nationalism. Because of the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the socialist system, China, composed of their various minority race, cause severe conflicts. In response, she is making efforts to restore identity of the national and the ethinic for the reestablishment of nation views and ethinic views. Like this, the grounds that Zhonghua-minzu replaces Han(Chinese) is as follows. Firstly, the necessity of the national unity is a pending issues. Secondly, it feel the need to prevent from the probability of the things to come was. To be problem for us was an historical conflict between korea and china, which named Dongbei-Gongcheng (東北工程). The ancient historical problem in this area have relevance to many race problem. Many minority races in china are possessed of the conflict with Han(Chinese). china tries to combine them, and is pursuing the identity called ‘one nation’. This paper needs to understand relations between Zhonghua-minzu with neo-Sinocentrism, and needs to grasp its nature and concept in predicting a domestic and foreign change. Accordingly, by comprehending the formed cause of Zhonghua-minzu and the process of its development, it will be useful for us to understand nature of Zhonghua-minzu.

Russia is a federal state consisting of 83 federal subjects. Each subject might be called as an independent unit and has its own historical, cultural and economic indigenous characteristics. Thus this article explores some useful research methodologies through categorizing Russian regions. Due to conceptual ambiguity, arbitrary regional divisions, and lacks of original research methodologies, area studies have been criticized by many scholars. Paradoxically, however, scholars who related to area studies have also merits to define regional concepts in creative ways. In additions, it is possible for scholars conducting area studies to employ various research methodologies from many disciplines. Area studies on Russian locality, namely, on 83 Russian federal subjects include as follows: firstly, products of area studies have to correspond exactly to practical purpose of area studies. Because area studies are to aim comprehensive understanding of regions. Secondly, area studiers have to implement field research with thorough advance preparations. Thirdly, scholars need multidisciplinary approaches, using of various sorts of concepts and methodologies. Finally, products of area studies have to include some specific information which help policy-makers for Korean government pursuing national interest.