KJC Korea
Journal Central

The objective of this study is to examine the characteristics of archaeological remains such as dwelling sites and earthenware of Sony Culture which is a culture of Middle Neolithic Era in Sakhalin, and then to examine the aspect of resource utilization of middle Neolithic natives. As a culture of middle Neolithic Era in the southern part of Sakhalin, the Sony Culture seems to be continued for about 800-1,000 years after the initial appearance about 5,500-5,300 years ago. So far, about 25 remains have been excavated, and provided lots of information for understanding the cultural aspect. All the remains are located in seashore cliffs facing the ocean, and most of the dwelling sites are distributed on the shore. The research subjects are the representative dwelling remains of Sony Culture such as Кузнецово 3, 4, Стародубское 3, Славная 4, and Чайво 6. The natives of Sony Culture resided in the squared semi-pit dwelling sites, and their residential area composed of 4-5 houses is mainly distributed along the seashore. Inside the dwelling sites, there were a fire pot and Sony earthenwares with its flat bottom, squared body, and mouth part decorated with triangular projection without surface decoration. As a lot of fishnet weights, craftworks looking like marine animals, and bones of big fish and marine mammals have been excavated, it is possible to guess that the natives of Sony Culture probably enjoyed an affluent life by fully adapting themselves to the environment of the Sakhalin Island based on the ocean.

The United Nations’ sustainability ideas and the Ainu’s worldview surprisingly coincide. It is not difficult to find ideas like the end of poverty, end of starvation, clean water, clean environment, climate action, justice, peace, and cultural diversity in the Ainu’s orally handed-down mythology. Still, the value of sustainability suggested today was actually not suggested from the Ainu’s perspective, but by the United Nations and their Western-oriented way of thinking. Chapter 26 of Agenda 21 (a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development) also mentions the support for indigenous people under the premise of “traditional and direct dependence on renewable resources and ecosystems.” In 1997, the Law for the Promotion of the Ainu Culture and for the Dissemination and Advocacy for the Traditions of the Ainu and the Ainu Culture was enacted in Japan. Considered a revolutionary event by many, it basically tore down the myth of Japanese homogeneity. From that point forward, the Ainu people were officially recognized by the Japanese state and a policy was undertaken to promote Ainu Culture. And yet the policy had limitations in that the Japanese government did not apologize for its role in the Ainu’s forced assimilation and that the Ainu people’s political rights were excluded in the execution of the policy. In fact, this policy started in very limited ways by pigeonholing Ainu people’s culture to nothing more than a “tradition.” While only the memory of their culture of living with nature was chosen to be emphasized, the political and economic independence issues in Ainu culture were not properly taken into account. Under the banner of promoting a multicultural symbiosis, Ainu culture was integrated into the diverse “cultures of Japan.” It certainly has meaningful value to preserve the Ainu culture of the past as well as the value of an ethnic minority. However, the political issue that is included in its sustainability should be more closely examined.

This thesis analyzed the characteristics and main functions of the traditional use of nature (TUN) of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, which is the most core content of the Concept of sustainable development of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation (2009). This paper analyzed the legal, historical, administrative, and socio- demographic peculiarities of ‘traditional natural use’ of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, and identified its major forms and characteristics. The indigenous peoples, forming an important part of Russia’s Arctic Circle or Northern Territory, have lived and continue to do so by the prudent use of biological resources and the restricted development. This is the core of ‘sustainable development’. The indigenous peoples’ accumulated traditional knowledge of nature is also represented by their worship and rituals. These traditional knowledges are the basis for ecological knowledge of their territories and traditional economic activities. ‘Territory of Traditional Use of Nature’ (TTUN) is a major tool for maintaining and conserving the way of life and livelihoods of indigenous peoples. In this respect, it was designed to protect the traditional habitats of the indigenous peoples and to preserve their traditional way of life. This makes it possible to build a ‘sustainable development’ model based on a variety of cultural contexts, as opposed to a Western model with ‘development’ priority. However, this model is also threatened by the profit competition and development model. Thereafter, the indigenous peoples who make a living through traditional use of nature (TUN) are also threatened.

This paper analyzed the news published in Russia and tried to examine the thoughts of the Russian people and the government on minorities living in the Arctic. The results of the analysis help identify the actual intentions of the Russian people and the government toward minorities, and may also serve as basic data for predicting the possibility of extinction of indigenous minorities living in the Arctic. In order to analyze the content of news articles, this study visualized the network structure of keywords and the contents of the entire news article text using a simultaneous word frequency analysis technique, and analyzed the content and structure of the entire news article text based on this. In this study, R’s TM package was used for text mining. The essential intention of the article was inferred by analyzing the text of the ‘TASS News Agency’ searched as ‘Arctic and Ethnic’ by word frequency (word cloud presentation) analysis, network analysis between words, correlation analysis, and n-gram analysis method. As a result of the analysis, it can be seen that the correlation between the words of the Arctic native minority is very low compared to the Arctic development project. These studies show that the key keywords in the entire article are ‘Socioeconomic Development in Russia’ and ‘Language Rights of Minorities in the Arctic’, and that the issue of minorities in the Arctic is only a small part of Russia’s Arctic development process in full text. Russia’s “2035 Russian Arctic Policy Basic Principles” guarantee the quality and welfare of Arctic residents, and medical support, talent training, and improvement of Arctic residents’ lives, but there seems to be no consideration for the lives of minority residents whose native culture is destroyed by Arctic development. Considering the attitude of the Russian people and the government toward the Arctic indigenous minorities, the implementation of this policy is expected to further accelerate the demographic decline and the dissolution or destruction of the ethnic culture of the Arctic.

This paper empirically examines effects of financial constraints on innovation investment, based on 2018 Korea’s Innovation Survey data implemented by STEPI. Empirical results show that the null hypothesis that the financial constraints is exogeneous are rejected for all cases. This suggests that ignoring the potential endogeneity of financial constraints can lead to biased results. In estimation by 2SRI method, all financial constraints except for one case turn out to be statistically significant negative effects on R&D investment decision. These results imply that financial constraints are regarded as not the barriers to be overcome but those to be deterred barriers which are a real impediment to innovation activities.

As the platform penetrates deeply into our living area, interest and related research have increased, but it has been difficult to understand exactly how the actual platform economy is affecting offline due to overlooking the diversity of platform transactions. Therefore, the text examined how the principle of operation of the platform affects the economic status of delivery workers, who are offline parts, by using food delivery platforms that we frequently encounter. In particular, as the impact on offline is expected to vary as platform operation technology develops, a comparative study was conducted with China’s representative food delivery platform, which has developed eating out delivery. Since Ryder’s economic status is directly affected by the platform’s wage structure, the text compared and analyzed the wage structure and economic status of “Meituan” Ryder with “Baemin”. First, each platform examined how the wage structure for delivery workers was formed, and compared how the wage structure affected the economic status of riders. As a result of the comparison, it was found that Baemin and Meituan had a performance-based wage structure in common, and some of Baemin’s wage systems learned and imitated Meituan’s. The problem is that if you look at the structure of the performance-based pay, the internal fairness is low, making the economic status of riders increasingly difficult. In order to improve riders’ economic instability and deepening inequality, changes in riders’ wage structure are inevitable. What the text paid attention to are measures to improve the wage structure implemented by Meituan among the Chinese government’s “Big Tech” regulations. In particular, it is judged that the technical improvement plan can be a solution to the unilateral problem of the domestic delivery platform wage structure. Accordingly, the text suggested that changes should be attempted from the end of the wage determinants.