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Medieval world map, called conventionally as T-O Map or O-T map, is less a map than an image of Christian world view in Medieval Europe. In this article, we explore some cartographic characters of T-O Map by looking at the origin and pattern in the making of T-O Map. Special focus is not only on who produced non-Armenian T-O Map in what manner and when it was produced in Armenian language, but also how to categorize the Armenian T-O Map in the typology of cartographic products. As a conclusion, it can be said that T in T-O Map was derived from Tau Cross and the Armenian T-O Map was made by an Armenian from Kāfā(Caffa) in late fourteenth century. And, this research also finds that the Armenian T-O Map had still more detailed and realistic, far from abstract or ideational, descriptions of Jerusalem than the typical Western T-O Map produced by Mappa Mundi.

The purpose of this study is to examine the Jave la Grande in the map of the French Dieppe school in the 16th century. We have examined the contents of Jave la Grande and the change of representation according to the age. It was also compared with the expression of contemporary maps of other European countries. Studies have shown that the map of the Dieppe school was influenced by the Parmentier’s journal and Alfonso's cosmography. After the publication of Mercartor’s 1569 map and Ortelius’s 1570 map, its place name was identified as the land of Lucach and Beach. The fact that they recorded a lot of information about the Jave la Grande can be seen as a proposal to the King for a voyage to pioneer a new colony in the region.

Today, there is an increasing number of studies on map making methods that can produce a tactile map suitable for personal use at low cost. This study proposes an automated tactile mapping system for general users having no knowledge of cartography and braille. The system builds cartographic data from geographic information database which is based on the seamless digital map of Korean. It also provides map design functionalities in the web environment. The map elements and symbols design rules comply with the national guidelines of tactile maps. The machine is employed for rapid and easy production of personal tactile maps. As the online mapping services are contributed to the proliferation of personal mapping, the automated tactile mapping system can be expected to be used as a method for personal tactile mapping.

Although, the road name address system became mandatory in South Korea since 2014, usage of this system fell short of expectations and also researches about this system are quite insufficient in general. Furthermore, researches about characteristics of road name are exceedingly insufficient. Therefore, writer got ‘road section report’ from 17 different local governments and only extracted boulevards. After that, writer analyzed characteristics of front part of boulevard names by place name category which he newly classified. As a result of analysis, boulevard names with ‘two-syllable’ had the majority with 79.2% when they were sorted by the number of syllable and ‘Sino-korean toponym’ also had the majority with 89.6% from the word type analysis. Regarding to named source, administrative sources took 38.9% as the greater part and followed by human sources with 38.2%, physical sources with 19.4% and combined sources with 3.5%. Regarding to administrative sources, most of them belonged to boulevard names related to town･township with 48.2% and boulevard names related to city･county･borough with 42.2%. Regarding to human sources, historical sources took 58.2% as the majority. Regarding to physical sources, topographical sources took 62.5% and boulevard names related to distribution (mostly direction) took 37.5%. Boulevard names, which were named based on combination of physical source and administrative source, took 70% as the majority of combined sources. Writer found lots of case which were named inappropriate among boulevard names. To prevent these problems, place name should have to be determined after being considered overall conditions.

Recently, machine learning is an analytical method for big data, and interest is increasing as an intelligent problem solving method through learning. In this paper, we tried to analyze land use status using LBSN data and machine learning method. The identification of land use status in urban planning has relied on direct field surveys. Recently, the data of location - based social media emerging as users of smartphone are big data reflecting the situation of land use, and machine learning methodology enables automated analysis of these. In this study, a model for predicting land use was developed using LBSN data and machine learning technique and compared with actual land use data. Through this analysis, an automated analysis method of land use status using LBSN data was studied.

Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is one of the representative environmental assessment map aiming to prevent exploitation of land and to preserve natural environment outstanding areas. The result of ECVAM (2016) shows that the first class of the map occupies 47.1% of the whole territory. Thus, a more practical management of each class is needed for practical use in policy making. In this study, management plans for natural environment outstanding areas were evaluated by overlaying evaluation categories of ECVAM (habitat evaluation, connectivity, rarity) to classify into three classes: Strict nature reserve, core nature reserve, and buffer area. As a result, strict, core, and buffer region each occupied 1.16%, 5.64%, 17.39% of the territory. Strict and core nature reserve located mostly in protection area such as national parks, recreational forest, and Baekdudaegan protection area. Regions near the cities or valley with high potential of development also located in the intersecting region of the three ECVAM categories. Therefore application of the evaluation result classified as strict, core, and buffer nature reserve areas is expected to contribute in preventing over exploitation of land and in improving land use management.

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) is known to provide nighttime light (NTL) information emitted from artificial illuminating sources such as street lamps and buildings in an urban area. DMSP OLS imagery has been widely utilized to extract built-up areas and to estimate spatial extent of an urbanized region. This research analyzed the spatio-temporal pattern of built-up areas, the characteristics of urban development, and the direction of urban expansion in Liaoning, China. According to this study, the economic policy of Chinese government for the development of this region was well reflected in the spatial expansion of built-up areas derived from the NTL data. In addition, it was found that large-sized cities, e.g., Shenyang and Dalian, have experienced continuous urbanization and the other small-sized ones have been recently developed. The three largest cities of the region are located on northeast-southwest direction, and it could be identified with the spatio-temporal changes of annual urbanization centroid in Liaoning. Based on this research, DMSP OLS is considered to be valuable as spatial proxy data for an urbanization-related study.

In the context of increasing social interest in safety, the continued North Korean missile tests have inspected the designation and management of civil defense evacuation facilities. This study assessed service coverage and capacity at the individual evacuation facility level using a spatial optimization approach. In particular, we analyzed how the modeling results differ when the demand is represented as de facto population as well as de jure population. The coverage of the civil defense evacuation facilities in Seo-gu, Daegu Metropolitan City was evaluated. As a result, the uncovered de facto population by the designated civil defense evacuation facilities increased not only absolutely but also relatively compared with de jure population. Also, the locations of de jure and de facto populations uncovered by the existing evacuation facilities showed a big difference. Finally, comparing the population allocated to individual evacuation facilities to the maximum accommodate population, the larger the size of the facility, the lower the actual accommodate rate. Information obtained through this spatial optimization approach will contribute to making disaster management more concrete and systematic.

As soil moisture is an important hydro-meteorological factor which affects Earth’s energy budget and surface-atmosphere interaction, accurate observation of soil moisture and the understanding of spatio-temporal change is very important for Earth environmental studies. Point-based in-situ observation of soil moisture has favorable accuracy, but it does not have spatial continuity. Meanwhile, satellite observation provides spatially continuous dataset, but its accuracy and spatial resolution are not satisfactory. For quality improvement of soil moisture data in South Korea, we developed a deep learning-based retrieval model to produce daily 500-m soil moisture content by using satellite and meteorological dataset. Through 200 iterations of training-validation experiment, our deep learning model yielded more favorable results than NASA’s target accuracy and showed a good agreement with the in-situ observations. We built maps for soil moistur

The purpose of this research is to identify which open source GIS SW is suitable for topographic analysis of military operations. After illustrating DTSS (Digital Topographic Support System), case study on application of open source GIS SW to military operation and national security is summarized. Eight open source GIS SWs are compared based on functions, community and user size, integration and linkage capability, extensibility, version-up speed etc. As a result, QGIS and GRASS GIS have showed many advantages. Taking fast changing environment and demand for various functions into consideration, QGIS has a better advantage than GRASS GIS because QGIS is capable of leveraging other open source SWs including GRASS, SAGA, and R etc.

Recently, with the growth of open source software based on openness and innovation, there is a growing interest in open source software in the field of GIS. The United States Department of Defense, the United Nations, the European Union and France have introduced open source GIS software, which has been recognized for its performance, reliability and security. In this way, the introduction of open source GIS software in the GIS software market, which was previously proprietary to commercial software, is increasing both domestically and abroad, but there are risks associated with the introduction of open source software. Therefore, for the introduction of successful open source software, introduction guidelines should be systematically analyzed to introduce the existing open source spatial information software adoption cases and to deal with step-by-step considerations. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the introduction of open source spatial GIS software in the public sector through case study of open source GIS software and research analysis of open source GIS software adoption guideline.