Association between Low-Intensity Smoking and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Men

Minji Park; Seran Min; Yu Jin Cho; Sunwoo Kim; KWON HYUKTAE; Heegyung Joe; Oh， Bumjo; Seung-Won Oh; Ho Chun Choi; Cheol Min Lee

doi:10.25055/JKSRNT.2019.10.2.89

Background: Even a small smoking amount can increase the risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The association between low-intensity smoking [<1/1–10 cigarettes per day (CPD)] and metabolic syndrome (MS) remains unknown. Methods: Overall, 4,130 men aged >18 years were recruited from the 2015-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and divided by smoking history into never smoker, former smoker, intermittent smoker (<1 CPD), light smoker (1–10 CPD), moderate smoker (11–19 CPD), and heavy smoker (≥20 CPD). We investigated the association between current smoking amount, cigarette smoking duration, and pack-year and MS and its components. The association between smoking status and MS was evaluated with logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, body mass index, house income, marital status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and comorbidity. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed a dose–response association with smoking intensity and abdominal obesity, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high triglycerides, and MS but not with high blood pressure and high fasting glucose. The smoking amount that increased the risk was different for each component but significant for intermittent smoking (high triglycerides), light smoking (low HDL cholesterol), moderate smoking (MS), and heavy smoking (abdominal obesity). Similar dose–response association was observed between pack-year and MS. Conclusions: Smoking has a dose–response association with MS but this association is inconsistent among its components. The risk of high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol may increase even with low-intensity smoking, but the association between smoking and high blood pressure and glucose is not definite.

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