KJC Korea
Journal Central

This study set out to review critically the major issues of theoretical content and juridical controversy about affirmative action, which is an important means of policy to rectify practical discriminations against people with disability and promote equality for them, and provide clues for the teleological justification and justification of affirmative action as a means. For those purposes, the study covered the basic values, historical development, and content related to people with disability of affirmative action as its theoretical content, trying to understand its essential context. Based on them, the investigator divided the juridical arguments over affirmative action related to people with disability into the basic ideas(equality and fundamental rights), process-based methodologies(past compensation and diversity management), and resulting efficacy(merit system and reverse discrimination) and secure grounds for its practical justification. The review results indicate that affirmative action has enough logical legitimacy and that some confrontations of opinions about it can be resolved in most parts through the discussion of human right perspectives and the goal of social inclusion efficacy based on the basic values of practical equality realization. Based on that teleological justification, the study proposed and discussed a couple of plans as means including the logical organization of various scrutinies for specific situations and their means across various fields, the systemization of discriminating measures based on the characteristics of people with disability.

This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis between Korea’s Miso Microfinance and U.K.’s Community Development Finance Institutions (CDFI) in order to explore ways to enhance the social performance and sustainability of Miso Microfinance. Compared with CDFI, the estimated number of loans under Miso Microfinance was increased nearly three-fold, but the Miso Microfinance is insufficient in terms of qualitative social performance, the number of jobs created or sustained. Although Miso Microfinance solely relied on secured funds, large size of loans and financial self-sufficiency ratio of 80.1% raised concerns over its sustainability. On the other hand, the CDFI showed an average financial self-sufficiency ratio of 55.5%, but the CDFI displayed new capital inflows every year and boasted an operating self-sufficiency of 93.8% by means of service fees and subsidies, consequently led to greater sustainability. Based on our comparative analysis, it is crucial to clearly define the social performance objectives which Miso Microfinance is aimed to achieve and to cover the incurred expense to ensure greater social performance and sustainability of Miso Microfinance. It is also important to have access to diverse funding sources, to regulate various types of microfinance institutions under the same laws, and to systematically oversee them.

This study conducted an empirical study on pre-adoptive parents in order to investigate adoption type, adoption attitude, adoption inhibition factor, adoption case experience, and motivation for adoption. The hypothesis test was conducted to examine the difference in adoption motivation according to the type of adoption and the difference in the perception of adoption according to the experience of adoption case. First, 77.9% of the respondents were initial adoption families, of which 22.1% were parents with children and 55.8% were without children. Also, 22.1% of respondents were re-adoption families. Second, they recognized that their will was important in the process of adoption decision, and that they themselves were proposers of adoption and were leading adoption. Third, 80.5% of respondents preferred open adoption and 73.2% preferred female adoption. Fourth, they recognized socially negative prejudices about adoption, maladjustment of their children, and concerns about parental role as a factor inhibiting adoption. Fifth, the respondents perceived their motivation for adoption as a result of infertility and altruism, and the motives for adoption differ according to the type of adoption(adoption with birth child and adoption without birth child). Sixth, 55.8% of the respondents answered that they have adopted cases from the immediate family and extended family members or their neighbors and friends’ families. Pre-adoptive parents with adoptive cases of direct and extended family members were more positive about adoption. Considering the high age of adoptive parents, the government should consider not only restricting economic support for adopted children up to age 16 but also supporting college tuition and housing costs. Given the high degree of altruism in adoptive motivation, a social institutional basis should be established to recognize adoption as altruistic behavior. In addition, the government should strengthen the responsibility of the state by strengthening the psychological counseling process for adoptive parents and providing post-service. Finally, positive adoption cases should be expanded and introduced through TV mass media in order to spread the experience of positive adoption cases.

The youth employment in Germany should be specially considered in the context of historical development of job training and education in the dual system. The ‘policy’ of youth unemployment in Germany is mainly focused on the socially precarious groups such as the early school leaver, low skill worker, disabled person and the long term unemployed, while the korean youth unemployment shows the high rate among the highly educated people. Therefore, the cause and counter-measure of the youth unemployment is different from each other. The important policies of the german youth unemployment since the second half of the 90ties have been continuously tried in the Job-AQTIV-Gesetz, JUMU(Jugend mit Perspektiv) and JUMP Plus, Hartz-Gesetz(I-IV), and the Youth Guarantee which is now being campaigned in the level of whole European Union(EU) since 2013 etc. However, the real ‘institutional background’ of the low youth unemployment rate in german speaking zones like Germany, Austria, Swiss, Denmark and Netherlands etc. is in the ‘dual system’ for the youth between 15 and 19 years old, in which the training at the shop floor and the education at the school are being parallel offered. In this dual system, the finishers of the first middle course in the Realschule, Hauptschule, Gesamtschule and the finishers of low class in the Gymnasium become to take the courses of job training (Ausbildung) and education at the same time. The (local) government is supervising and supporting the courses, preparing for the related curriculums, and giving the certificates, with which the youth can enter the labour market. The employer is thereby cooperating closely with the government and the trade union (Ausbildungspakt). This article analyzes the each important course of the german dual system such as the Berufschule (berufsbildende Schule) at the second middle course, the Berufsakademie at the next course, and the following course of wide second education (Weiterbildung) or the continuous training (Fortbildung) as well as the Fachhochschule or University of the Applied Sciences at the fourth and highest course. This kind of special education and training systems, specially in the second middle course for the 15-19 years youth is the key success of the high youth employment. This article analyzes this dual system and is trying to get the some implications for the korean youth unemployment.

This study approached the family support obligation rules with the conscious of the problems that the obligation for supporting obedience infringes the right to maintain human life and undermines the purpose of the last system of social safety net. For this purpose, the civil society activist FGI was carried out for the purpose of identifying the urgency of abolition of the obligation to obey the duty of support and securing the justice. As a result of the analysis, the problems of the support obligation standards are embodied as stigmatization in the process of entering the system, distorted system operation caused by the asymmetry of the information, the problem that the unreasonable result caused by the rigidity of the standard and the unrealistic threatens the survival of the applicant. It has been revealed that the impact of the family support obligation rules on the applicant ’s life extends not only to physical and psychological pain, but also to the deprivation of opportunity to design the future.

The age of ICT/AI based industry 4.0 is fast unfolding in front of our eyes, obliging major changes in our accustomed ways of life. The changes in question embrace both positive and negative dimensions. The former include the likelihood of energizing the economy through an almost totally automated, thus greatly more efficient, production system. Freeing people from bone breaking labor or mind boggling repetitive chores for living will be another positive aspect. The latter, on the other hand, could include the burden of large scale unemployed labor and the challenge of safeguarding their livelihood on an on-going basis, as well as that of maintaining their psychosocial stability in a context of sudden freedom from hitherto highly structured working life. Given the still early phase of industry 4.0 era, its socioeconomic and cultural impact cannot be fully foreseen at this point. Nevertheless, such general trends as cited above make possible the projection of certain major social issues associated with it. The issues would include: the likelihood of further widening the schism between the two ends of income spectrum and the problem of reducing the gap between them to an optimal level; the prospect of massive unemployment and the problem of creating one or more socio-economic and cultural safety net(s) capable of supporting their lives as full-fledged members of society; and the evolvement of a social milieu in which all its members will enjoy fair and equal quality of life. The present article propose seven conditions as basic as well as urgent policy requirements prior to entering the industry 4.0 era, in earnest. The conditions in question are: unified social and economic policies and their implementation practices; flexible employment structure that will regard “free-lance” but productive activities as an official category of employment so as to entitle the free lance workers to participate in the work-related social security system; removal of elements in the wage increment, taxing, commodity pricing, social security systems and other practices of social investment that disfavor the marginal income sector and, thus, contribute to the widening of the income gap; render social measures dynamic and heuristic in order for the measures to correspond closely to live reality conditions; social policies based on firmly established and realizable social values.