KJC Korea
Journal Central

Objective : This study was conducted to determine various methods for measuring the Situation Awareness (SA) based driving ability through a systematic review. Methods : Previous studies were found in an electronic database (e.g., Science Direct, PubMed, NDSL). The keyword search terms were ‘driving’, ‘situation awareness’, ‘measurement OR assessment’. Results : The methods used for measuring the driving-related situation awareness were presented, including the freeze method (50.0%), verbal probe technique (20.0%), driving error (10.0%), and driving behavior checklist (10.0%). The tools used for the driving situation awareness measurement of drivers were presented, such as a driving simulator (50.0%), on-road course (20.0%), on-road vehicle with visual detection task (10.0%), a driving simulator with a motion system (10.0%), and a computer-based driving scene (10.0%). Conclusion : Through this systematic review, we found that a majority of studies were concerned with the driving situation for safe driving. This fact suggests that we have to develop new SA based driving measurements and tools for driving rehabilitation practice. Key words : Driving ability, Situation awareness, Systematic review

Objective : This study was conducted to diagnose the competency level of occupational therapists and analyze the difference among variables. Methods : We used the competency index for occupational therapists, developed by Ku (2014), to conduct the competency level diagnosis. After making the survey questionnaires, we conducted the survey directly or via email with 337 respondents. We analyzed the importance of the competency level and the difference in competency retention level, and verified the difference among variables including gender and the type of working hospital. Results : The importance of the competency level rated by occupational therapists was the high level of mid-point 4, whereas the competency retention level rated by occupational therapists themselves was generally lower than the importance level (3 point for 50s and above). After analyzing the difference among variables, we found that male therapists had a higher consciousness expertise and self-management competency than female therapists, and the therapists with more than 3 years of experiences had a higher rating in terms of theoretical knowledge, performance, and self-management. We also found that the therapists with a Master’s degree or higher, and aged 30 years or older, generally had a higher competency retention level. Conclusion : This study will be used as basic data to maintain and develop the competencies through a selfdiagnosis of the importance of the competency index and competency retention level for occupational therapists. In addition, this study will also provide the direction of educational content necessary for the continuing education of occupational therapists.

Objective : The purposes of this study were to develop a Korean version of the Health Enhancement Lifestyle Profile (K-HELP), to evaluate the overall lifestyles and health behaviors of the elderly, and to verify the reliability of K-HELP. Methods : The original Health Enhancement Lifestyle Profile (HELP) was developed in the U.S.A. by Jengliang Eric Hwang, who is an occupational therapist. To develop K-HELP, a series of steps were taken; First, translation and reverse-translation processes were conducted by an expert committee. To establish the content validity, a modification process was taken for adaptation to the Korean circumstances by health professionals. Second, for a validation of the reliability, the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the content were measured. Results : The value of the Content Validity Index (CVI) was .97. The CVI was derived from an assessment by nine health care experts, which aimed to determine the suitability of 56 questions. 483 healthy elderly people participated in this reliability study. The value of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) was .82. In addition, there was a very high and statistically significant test-retest reliability (r=.99)(p<.01). Conclusion : This study proved that K-HELP is a reliable tool to evaluate a senior's lifestyle and health status through the development of K-HELP and a verification of its reliability. Based on this study, K-HELP can be used as a useful assessment tool in the health related field of the elderly by increasing the understanding of the lifestyles, health behaviors, and health levels of the elderly in preventing diseases and providing appropriate rehabilitation programs.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean version of the Catherine Bergego Scale (K-CBS) for an evaluation of behavioral neglect and verify its reliability and validity. Methods : With the developer’s permission, the scale was translated into Korean using a translation-reverse translation technique. In addition, the content validity index was identified by nine experts. Using the correlation coefficient of a Line Bisection Test and Albert’s Test, the convergent validity was identified. In addition, the construct validity was identified through a factor analysis. Internal consistency was also identified using Cronbach’s α value and Cronbach’s α if item deleted. Results : K-CBS verified the translation validity. The CVI shows a very high value of .98. The convergent validity showed a positive correlation with K-CBS using a Line Bisection Test (r=.719), and Albert’s Test (r=.671). A factor analysis showed the bounding of ten items to one. Cronbach’s α value was .956, meaning a high correlation among items. Conclusion : As a tool for evaluating the behavioral neglect of stroke patients, K-CBS’s reliability and validity were verified, and showed the applicability of K-CBS in a Korean clinical set. Further reliable studies for a better application of K-CBS in a Korean clinical set will be needed.

Objective : The objective of this study was to develop geriatric Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) screening test items that allow for a quick assessment of a wide cognitive scope through client assessments without any interviews of the care giver, and determine the therapeutic intervention delivery of MCI. Methods : A delphi investigation was conducted on 30 selected participants composed of professional panels through electronic mail over 3 times each from October 23 to December 16, 2014. Korean version of Mini-Mnetal State Examination (MMSE-K) and this assessment tool were used to assess a total of 81 clients, including 28 MCI clients, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. Results : The final delphi investigation result showed a goodness of fit of 4.24 and importance of 4.30, and such an investigation was thereby analyzed as appropriate for mild cognitive impairment screening test items. The content validity ratio of the goodness of fit is 0.84, and the content validity ratio of importance is 0.93, which shows a high content validity ratio of both the goodness of fit and importance. Twenty-three items related to geriatric MCI screening test item development were finally derived through the delphi investigation. This showed a high correlation with MMSE-K, and a high validity of Cronbach’s α of .80. Conclusion : This assessment tool, developed using delphi after gathering professional opinions, shows a high correlation with the existing assessment tool and a high validity. Therefore, this tool is considered to be effective in assessing mild cognitive impairment.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a resistive chin tuck exercise on the swallowing function in stroke patients with dysphagia. Methods : Fifty-eight patients were randomly assigned to either a resistive chin tuck exercise group or a Shaker exercise group. The experimental group performed the resistive chin tuck exercise, and the control group performed a Shaker exercise, each for 15 minutes a session, twice a day, five times per week, over a six-week period. Results : Both groups showed a significant improvement in their total and pharyngeal stage Videofluoroscopic Dysphasia Scale (VDS), Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS), and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) scores(p <.05). However, through a comparison of the variations of the total scores for VDS and PAS before and after intervention, there were significant differences between the two groups (p=.04, p=.00). Conclusion : The findings confirmed that the resistive chin tuck exercise conducted in this study has a similar effect as a head-lift exercise used as one of the remedial methods in conventional swallowing treatment.

Objective : This research was conducted to plan a strategy on the activities for stroke patients who want to improve, and to use the strategy to find out how it influences the occupational performance when applying Cognitive Orientation to a daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) method approach. Methods : From September to October of 2014, two local outpatient rehabilitation targets diagnosed as suffering a stroke were selected to execute an ABA single-subject research design. It took two sessions for the data to become stable for use as a baseline (A). It took 10 sessions of 60 minutes per session, twice a week, for intervention. Finally, it took two sessions for the data to become stable for the baseline’ (A’). For the goal task, three activities were selected from COPM. Two activities executed intervention training through the CO-OP method approach. No training was selected as the other activity to determine a generalization, and the baseline, intervention, and baseline' were measured once each. For the outcome measurement, a Performance Quality Rating Scale (PQRS), which evaluates the quality of performance, and an Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS), which evaluates the independence and performance skill, were used. The quality of the performance was determined through a visual analysis, whereas the occupational performance and independence performance used the AMPS 9 program for an analysis and comparison. Results : The quality of the occupational performance increased during intervention compared to the baseline for the two tasks through the CO-OP approach method for subject A. Baseline’ (A’) was also maintained without training. For the independence of the occupational performance skill, subject A showed 0.35 logit in exercise skill, and 0.04 logit in handling skill. Subject B showed 0.31 logit in exercise skill, and 0.55 logit in handling skill. Conclusion : Based on the above outcome, the CO-OP method approach was shown to be an intervention method that can increase the occupational performance of stroke patients. It can also increase the effect on local stroke patients.

Objective : This case study describes the effects of swallowing rehabilitation on total thyroidectomy patients with dysphagia. Methods : The subject was a 71-year old total thyroidectomy patient with dysphagia. She was assessed based on the Functional Dysphagia Scale (FDS) and Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) using a Videofluoroscopic Study (VFSS), and on the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association National Outcome Measurements System (ASHA NOMS). From April 19th to May 16th, 2014, she received treatment once a day fives times a week, for a half an hour for each session. From May 19th to June 5th, she received treatment once a day three times a week. Her swallowing rehabilitation was implemented by an occupational therapist and included her range of motion and resistive exercises the of neck muscles, head lift exercises, swallowing techniques, vocal cord adduction, falsetto exercises, electrical stimulation, postural techniques, a diet modification, and a regulation of the quantity and speed of food consumption. Results : The patient’s total FDS decreased from 42 to 20, and then to 16. Her PAS decreased from 6 to 4, and then to 2. Her ASHA NOMS level increased from 1 to 5, and then to 6, consecutively. Conclusion : The findings from this case study suggest that the swallowing function in a total thyroidectomy patient with dysphagia was improved from swallowing rehabilitation.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data on the visual perception ability of preschoolers in Kyungnam, and to indicate a foundational data to standardize an Motor Free Visual Perception Test-3 (MVPT-3) for Korea. Methods : From September, 2013 to February, 2014, we performed and analyzed an MVPT-3 (items 1 through 40) on 60 typically developing preschool aged (between 4 and 6) children consisting of 35 boys and 25 girls at C library in Gimhae, and B and J libraries in Changwon. Results : As a result, the means and standard deviation of age-specific visual perception were 23.0±2.18 for 4-year olds, 25.4±3.02 for 5-year olds, and 31.2±3.46 for 6-year olds. There was a statistically significant difference in the visual perception between ages (p=.000) There was not a statistically significant difference in visual perception between boys and girls (p=.580), or between occupied areas (p=.205). There was a statistically significant correlation between chronological age and visual perception age (p=.000, r=.783). In addition, the subjects' mean raw scores, standard scores, and visual perceptual age were higher than the age in American children who were the subject of an MVPT-3. Conclusion : The visual perceptual ability of the subjects was shown to be higher than in American children who were participants of an MVPT-3. It is necessary to standardize an MVPT-3 for Korea for use in clinical and educational environments.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of robot-assisted left-hand training on the unilateral neglect in patients after a stroke. Methods : This study used a single-subject experimental design with multiple baselines across individuals. Three subjects who have suffered unilateral neglect following a stroke were trained using a robot (Amadeo®) for 30 minutes per session. A total of 15 sessions were conducted. A Line Bisection Test and Albert’s Test were used to assess the unilateral neglect of each subject during each session, and the Catherine Bergego Scale was used to evaluate the degree of unilateral neglect in daily life pre-and post-test. The results were analyzed through a visual analysis and comparison of the pre-post tests. Results : All of the subjects showed significant improvements in the Line Bisection Test and Albert’s Test scores. The Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS) scores improved post-test. Conclusion : These findings provided evidence that robot-assisted left hand training is an effective approach to unilateral neglect recovery after a stroke.