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This paper is on the assessment(or evaluation) of Listening. This paper built a new paradigm of Listening assessment to develop the Listening Skill and Linguistic competence of the immigrated women in Korea. Using the accepted texts, this paper compared with text's contents and each listening question. According this compare, we know that the listening questions didn't reflect especially words and grammars in the texts. Also, the kind of listening question item is so simple like yes/no question in the texts. And the feature of listening question was linear like just evaluation for evaluation of the listening. It has to extend the range of linguistic competence from listening to another areas like writing, reading etc. These are kinds of extensive and intensive listening. Consequently, changing the new paradigm of listening assessment from the old paradigm, especially alternative assessment for the immigrated women is really crucial to develop listening skills and listening competence. Because it creates new instruction methods and encourages learners' motivation of language acquisition.

This article aims to classify the features of stems which can be seen to be restructured with so-called ʔ ending sound and criticize the excessive use of ʔending as a result of stem restructure. In Chapter 2, we will examine how the irregular conjugation stems such as t, s, and p are restructured to say that the discussion over setting ʔ as a phoneme is unnecessary from the first place. The irregular stems of t, s, and p are not variated to ʔ but simply restructured to /h/. This restructure can be explained as part of ending simplication. Charter 3 discusses restructure to /Xh/ ending. Focusing on the irregular conjugation stem of t, it will also deal with the strengthening that occurs in the stem of /h/ ending as well. This restructure occurs by the reanalysis of the conjugated form.

This thesis takes a look at the narrative characteristics of Lee Ok's short essays based on existing research that analyzes them in relation to his life and their meaning. Munmuja Lee Ok(1760~1815) was someone who was cast out of main society and marginalized his whole life because he wrote short essays. King Jeongjo's 'Munchepanjung' prevented Lee Ok from advancing in his career and he was pushed out from the center of the system because he wrote short essays in 'Eungjaemun', which became an important factor in understanding the characteristics Lee Ok's literature to this day. Lee Ok was critical of 'Gomunron' and records show that he read the literary works of Ming-Qing with fervour, which became the basis upon which he created short essays. The narrative characteristics of Lee Ok's short essays are enumeration and repetition, series and segments, the use of speech and accommodation of dialects. The significance of such characteristics are; First, breakup of 'Illi' style thinking and emphasis on personality. Lee Ok appears to have enjoyed discovering the personalities of each individual element through delicate and meticulous observation. Second, it signifies the disintegration of the rigidity of language. In the process of developing the 'Gomun movement' based on the biased ideology of 'Jaedojimunron' and 'Jeonbeom', known as 'Dobonmunmal', being the subject of controversy,language could only be rigid. Despite the fact that Jeongjo was critical of short essays as they could not be 'Jaedojimun', and regulated them with policy, Lee Ok not only wrote his works in sopum style but also boldly used dialects to free the rigid use of language. Furthermore, the use of enumeration or repetition, series and segments in narrative methods and the active use of speech contribute to revealing the characteristics of individual elements and provide a sense of being on the scene rather than converging with 'Tao'. The language used in the process is not simply one that serves as a tool for 'Tao' but one that has a life of its own as linguistic expression,making it possible to appreciate literary beauty through the use of colorful language expressions.

Accoding to legend, Choe Chiwon, a governor-general of the Taean Region songs by a lotus pond with a Pavilion in the Silla period. But we don't known the Pavilion' change in the Goryeo periods, From the Joseon Dynasty'Gwanghaegun period, the Pavilion appeared documentary records. Look at the records for the Pihyangjeong, When it adds Tasan to Inui Region, that was builted. After that times, Lee Jikoing, Park sunggo, Yu ken,Lee sung-gyeong etc has been repaired the Pihyangjeong. If we look at the records, the Pihyangjeong have a several names, Pihyangkag, Pihyangdang,Pahyangjeong, etc in accordance with a function and a place. The Pihyangjeong have a variety of functions. First, This Pavilion is easy to recept of guests for its scenic beauty. and near an administrative office. Second, If there are lots of drinking parties at the night, they sleep a same place. Third, in that place, Many people often enjoy retrospection for the ancients. Forth, the Pihyangjeong give a rest place and enjoy the beauties of nature in basically.

In this article I aimed at analysing on the cognitive structure such as the metaphor system and the image schema which were inherent in Baek Seok's The Nun , according to the 'cognitive semantics'. First, I investigated some of main ideas of the 'cognitive semantics' which George Lakoff, Mark Johnson and Mark Turner emphasized on. It was the outline of 'category', 'family resemblances', 'cognitive model', 'metaphor', 'embodied experience and imagination', 'image schema' and so on. And then I applied 'metaphor' and 'image schema' specifically which were highlighted in the 'cognitive poetics' to the poetic structure of The Nun . It was composed of two steps: the first analysis based on the simple 'metaphor'used in the lines of the poem and the second analysis based on the gestalt 'metaphor' system used throughout the poem. Particularly I concentrated on mapping the target domain of The Nun by making the source domain of <path schema> and <LIFE IS A JOURNEY> metaphor suggested by 'cognitive linguists'. Therefore I could reach to the circumstances of times called diaspora of our people. Finally I paid attention to the power of universality and nowness of Baek Seok's The Nun , putting emphasis on the idea that her perception of diaspora is the trauma of our people who were living in the divided nation as well as people who had lived during the Japanese colonial era. It's because I was convinced that the power of art would become the creative cognition that modern art of poetry called 'cognitive poetics' that was associated with 'aesthetics of reception' would like to reach.

This study applies the methodology of cognitive poetics to examine the structural aesthetics of Though the Body is Tied up in the Earth . This is intended to reach creative understanding by figuring out the space perceived by poetic ego within the world and draw a meaningful structure. In Though the Body is Tied up in the Earth , the downward earthly properties are mediated with natural objects and change the recognition of the poetic ego to be sublimated to the upward sky and properties of stars each. The poetic ego makes the inconsistency between the world and the being correspond to the natural properties for the sake of reconciliation. Though nature that is the metaphor of the inconsistency of the being of the poetic ego is simply postulated as the ideal object separated from reality through the heavenly image, it returns to the earth and becomes a chance for the poetic ego to realize its own being. This is not the union between the poetic ego and the world but rather a union of recognition that the poetic ego sees the world with. The emotion that flows consistently along the entire poem of Lee Sung Sun’s is the constant exploration of a being. It is the exploration of a being over conflicts resulted from the inconsistency between the actual space where the poetic ego exists and the ideal space to be pursued. If the actual space where the poetic ego exists is described with the earthly poetic words, the world pursued by the poetic ego is expressed with the heavenly poetic words.

This article aims to analyze Jeong Hyun Jong's 'Waterdrop of Rainbow World' by cognitive poetic method. In this study, poetic conceptual metaphor and image schema are adopted as analytical methods to figure out cognitive meanings and space metaphorical meaning expansion. While analyzed,linguistic cognitive sign and cognitive structure and cognitive aim are focused. Linguistic cognitive sign has binary aspects. Main words are varied into diverse catagories. In terms of syntax, meaning structures are developed by binary aspects. Vocabulary distribution map shows binary language signs as well, which has meanings with dynamic imaginations. The text has static cognitive structure of momentary aesthetics. Meaning parts are divided into four meaning parts to analyze this cognitive structure. Basic conceptual metaphor and image schema are used for this purpose. Schema aspects are as following: meaning part (1) is described as a container schema; part (2) as a vertical scale schema; part (3) as meaning chain model and part (4) as a horizontal container schema and container schema. The focal image is that waterdrop hangs on the rainbow country intoxicated with ideal or real factor. Cosmic circulatory cognitive orientation has meaning expansion through cognitive aspects and space metaphorical projection. Cognitive oriented image schema is expanded into comprehensive circular road schema, which is added up by varied schemas derived from cognitive schema. Road schema is featured as dynamic by linguistic cognitive sign and cognitive structure dynamic. The meaning expansion of space metaphor induces circulatory logic by expanding and projecting the logic of ascending and descending of waterdrop

In peasant novels the method of representing water operates within cognitive boundaries. In cases in which peasants’ feelings in regards to water are lyrical and individualized, peasants’ lives are depicted as close to a natural state, whereas in cases in which water appears as one part of the social structure, peasants’ lives are depicted as part of a great chain linked with colonial modernization. We can detect that in peasant novels the modern usage of water and waterways, villages, routes, and facilities involving rice appear as a great network. Therefore, in the case of peasants who are depicted as having a “lyrical” relationship with water, the lives of peasants of have a quality of idealism, and in the case of peasants depicted as part of the modern social network, peasants’ lives reveal the social reality. Also, whether water appears as an individual feeling or is represented as a social composite is closely related to the author’s world view. In the case of the former, the meaning of water has the tendency to transcend concrete social time and space, and in the case of the latter the Korean farmlands of colonial modernity exist within a social web and within concrete space and time. This is because the existing understanding of the regulation of water,production of rice, and efficiency of distribution is related to social power relations in relation to water regulation. Therefore, we can discern that the method of representing water in peasant novels depends on whether the author deals with the realities the peasants face on an individual level or a social structural level.

This study discusses Mun Yun Seong’s Complete Society (1967) which is known as the first genuine science fiction (SF) in Korea. Its pioneering aspects were emphasized many times, but studies have been hardly conducted for it. Thereupon, this article examines the work focusing on its features as a science fiction, popularity, political aspects, and also satire. Author Mun Yun Seong used “extrapolation”, one of the meta-methods for science fiction to be equipped with genuine features as a science fiction. In the field of literature during the 1960’s, Complete Society is not only related with the other works but differentiated from them as well. First of all,the author chose the genre of science fiction and showed that he had internalized anti-Communist ideology, the ruling ideology of that time. As a selection in the competition of a weekly magazine, Complete Society also reflects the limitations of media and also patriarchal ideology mingled in it. However, what the author really wanted to say that was to give hope and encouragement to the readers and public dreaming of Utopia and to recognize the absurdity of reality. Concretely speaking, the work deals with the criticism about technopia (science civilization), criticism on politicians and the totalitarian system, and criticism on sexual issues. Therefore, the satire shown in 『Complete Society』 leads to critical meditation on the uniform and violent structure of that time through the view of Yu Sun Gu, the main character, who is the deputy of the real author and also implied author.

Rapidly changing digital media creates a new paradigm crossing the border of genre through inter-media convergence and consilience. What is the foundation that the literature can survive in this multi-media and multi-culture situation which changes the paradigm rapidly. How can the literature progress in the society of competition in which the principle of survival of fittest rules? This study deals with how the literature obtains the ability to stand and renew on its own in this harsh social environment much different from the past in the point of the literature's position and what is the foundation of it. The study analyzes Korean novels written mainly after 2000 in order to find out how the inter-medial nature which makes the literature merge into,interchange with other media and transform can function in the production and communication of the literature and which meaning it has culturally. It gets out of the existing study frame focused on the written form of literature and actively adopts and positively understands the Post-Gutenberg Galaxy thought. Inter-mediality generally means the media bridge. It acts as a connection among literature, music, dance, art and language. The concept of inter-mediality began with new type of cultural phenomenon in the digital era which is characterized by the mutual-intervention, supplementation and merge. Since this, many researchers have denied to classify according to media or academic areas and paid attention to the combination and fusion using the concept of inter-mediality. The ultimate aim of this study is to critically review the nature and function of media and to promote the 'media ability'capable of dealing with it positively and creatively. te literature's dominance apart from the area of the formal education. Instead, 'lower quality literature' in the view of the existing literary world such as internet novels, cyber novels, chit-lit novels, factions and fantasy novels obtains much more public readers. These new types of popular novels can be called as 21th century new novels sharing desires and dreams of people and having flexible attitude to continuously react and search for the new recognizing sense. The literature, specially novels have found the solution and practiced whenever it has faced the limit of existing method. That is, novels have developed creativity for open communication with other media rather than sticking to the historically fixed frames. Things changes after 2000 as internet using population counts over 10million and at the same time, thanks to the development of digital media,the network becomes the most important element. Through the digitalized and networked media, humans now have infinite capability of not only reflecting, recreating and transforming the existing things in the real world but also creating the non-existing things. Humans have opportunities to contact an artificial reality as well as to unlimitedly get the information on any culture they want such as movie, music, art, books through various digital media. In such a situation of audio-visual contents overflowing, the reading-oriented formal novels are no more actively read and now left as the legacy of the old days. As the method of relations between the consumer's recognizing sense and the media becomes an interactive type, the time comes to spend the literature as one of media contents which can make multi-sense and omni-directional communication possible, beyond the spatial sense. Particularly, in the atmosphere to prefer using the OSMU (One Source Multi Use), the literature has tried to expand its identity by inducing other media or transforming itself rather than protecting itself from others. 'Trans-literacy' also means an ability to read, write and communicate crossing the border of each medium in order for intermediation and mutual connection of the media. If one is capable of adopting such a trans-literacy,he has to be able to obtain the flexible identity and to transform himself into the producer of media contents by choosing, appropriating and re-assembling the existing contents rather than being left as a consumer of the media contents. The third oral culture era of trans-literacy is characterized by all digital content media's mutual influence and requires the open attitude in mutual text borrowing, mutual media introduction and integration, mutual intervention between the producer and the consumer. If so, various media made by the digital technology can have the mutual-media character beyond the simple co-existing multi-media concept. On the basis of it, humans will be able to go forward to the regain of the lost human ideal as well as to help people understand multilaterally the existence of human by expanding all borders suppressing human existence such as the border of reality and fiction, spirit and body, time and space, genre and genre, art and technology.

This study focused on Mun Sun-tae's novels to find out the value and the prospect of the old age novel. While it might be open to dispute where to draw the line of old age novel, it can be narrowed down to novels wherein an old man is the leading character and which deal with the lives of the old. A writer himself gets old as a natural person. Some aging writers who have reached their senescence, have released noticeable novels about the everyday lives of the old. In this case, the novels wherein the writers themselves aging as natural persons wrote about the lives of the old, proved to be high-quality. As an old age is the time for arranging one's life, the old age novel broaches death and arouses the fundamental nature of our lives. In this sense, it is worth researching on literary implications and meanings of literary history of the old age novel. Novels of Mun Sun-tae are especially noteworthy. Although ther is a limitation that this study is focused only on novels of Mun Sun-tae, it is because his novels clearly connect with the possibility and the aim of old age novels. It seems that further study on works of the old age novel such as works of Lee Chung-jun, Kim Won-il, Oh Jeong-hui, Park Wan-seo, would give some implications about the problems and future direction of the old age novel.