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The authors, in this paper, investigated the present condition of students from multicultural families in kindergartens, elementary schools, middles schools and high schools and conducted a comparative survey against students from multicultural families and those from general Korean families. The survey results showed some tips for future improvement of Korean education for the students from multicultural families. In addition to that, the authors could find out some details of the students’ school lives, their degree of understanding of the subjects including the Korean language, the relationship between their parents and schools and their learning opportunities from the survey results. Finally, the authors tried to elicit some suggestions for the better Korean education and their school lives based upon the survey results.

This study was conducted as basic research for establishing a literacy education system for Deaf adults. For this purpose, this study sampled experts and educational institutions that had executed Korean language literacy education for Deaf adults, and surveyed the current state of literacy education for Deaf adults. Specifically, experts were surveyed through indepth interviews, and educational institutions through the observation of classes. When collected data were analyzed, the analysis was focused on factors related to learners’ characteristics in bilingual education or second language education. The factors were divided into the time of language acquisition, cognitive factors, affective factors, and socio‐cultural factors, and Deaf adult learners’ characteristics were analyzed according each of the factors. Based on the findings of the analysis, the directions of literacy education programs for Deaf adults were suggested. Particularly in accordance with learners’ characteristic, this study took note of differences from literacy education programs for Deaf children. For the establishment of a literacy education system for Deaf adults, furthermore, the suggestions covered all areas directly related to learners including textbooks, educational activities, education methods, education materials, motivation of learning, and social distance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics and dialog strategies of best replies based on the flouting of maxims. Because best replies are those recommended most by netizens, we may find dialog strategies that are considered ideal by netizens by analyzing best replies. Best reply data were collected from the news of current affairs, entertainment, and sports in portal site NATE. In addition, the dialog strategies of best replies were analyzed using Grice’s (1975) conversational maxims and Lakoff’s (1973) politeness principles as theoretical bases. In particular, analysis was focused on particular communication effects produced by the flouting of maxims. The frequency of maxim flouting was highest in best replies to sports news, and next in those to current affair news and those to entertainment news. Best replies in each area of sports, current affairs, and entertainment showed distinctive characteristics. Commonly, however, the flouting of quality maxims was most frequent in all the areas, and next the maxims of politeness, quantity, relevance, and attitude in order of frequency. The flouting of quality maxims was made mainly through hyperbole and metaphor. The prevalent dialog strategies of the best replies were emphasizing the speaker’s opinion through hyperbolic expressions, and using many idiomatic metaphoric expressions and original metaphoric expressions. Next, for the flouting of politeness maxims, this study examined the objects of polite expression, grouping them into ‘people at issue,’ ‘reporters,’ and ‘netizens.’ Politeness maxims were flouted most often when ‘people at issue’ were set up as a superficial audience. This may be regarded as a dialog strategy for creating consensus with the actual audience (netizens) through impoliteness to the superficial audience. In addition, the flouting of quantity maxims was observed more when the quantity of information provided was too small than when it was too much, and in this way, the way of seeking maximum communication through minimum expression was preferred. Lastly, the flouting of relevance and attitude maxims was not frequent but it played the role of presenting satires and humors effectively. Based on this analysis, the dialog strategies of best replies through the flouting of maxims are summarized as follows: (ⅰ) Speaking gracefully: utter in an appropriate way according to the type of related texts; (ⅱ) Speaking hyperbolically: deliver the speaker’s intention intensely through hyperbole; (ⅲ) Speaking metaphorically: utilize both original metaphoric expressions and idiomatic metaphoric expressions; (ⅳ) Speaking impolitely: sympathize with the actual audience through impoliteness to superficial audience; (ⅴ) Speaking in slang: maximize knowledge sharing with the audience and minimize verbal expressions; (ⅵ) Speaking playfully: express satires and humors through word play.

Siga had originally been formed and developed in the midst of a close relationship with primitive living environment. For Siga to maintain and continue, it is necessary for Siga to be fit to their own melody and character. It is clear that Korean Siga as means of singing had independently developed, succeeding in tradition of melody and conveying thoughts and emotion of Korean people. Based on this premise, the study explored acceptance and influences of Chinese Siga upon Korean Siga. There are clear linguistic differences between Korea and China and character is also distinguished each other. So the author figured out that Siga in two countries coexisted, did not exist in assimilation and fusion in contextural relationship of two Siga. Above all, such coexistence was possible by internal willingness to maintain tradition and uniqueness of Korean Siga, being free from acceptance and influence of Chinese Siga. And Korean Siga was created, disappeared, and maintained from such internal willingness. Tradition and uniqueness each genre of Korean Siga are as below. Prototype of Siga in the ancient times is not known today and phonemic system was different so that it would be unreasonable to compare with style of Book of Odes. Hyangga may consist of four, eight or ten lines. Four lines is basic and expanded to ten lines. This development is based on melody that is fit to Korean unique language. Gyeonggichega is similar to Hyangga in ten lines or <Jeonggwajeong> in melody or song words. Gyeonggichega is also close to 'voice to give and take' in folk song. Goryeo Gayo was transmitted by word of mouth and established in letter later. Form of original Gayo is not known but this is related to traditional folk song in lingering refrain, melody etc. Akjang did not borrow or copy Chinese one as they are even in the ideological framework of Confucianism. It accepted form that had maintained from previous era and changed the form or it was created to new style of Siga. The origin of Sijo is three lines and concluding line of Hyangga in ten lines, and three parts form of Goryeo Gayo. Gasa escaped from becoming prose and norm of Sijo. In addition, encouraged by era's spirit of expansion of prose spirit, it developed to Jangga while maintaining existing melody. Until now, Sijo among Korean Siga was innovated to modern literature. Gasa also just entered the way of creation as modern literature. Sijo and Gasa coexist with modern poem and essay. This is a result of internal willingness only. This is anti-cultural phenomenon against western culture rushed like water. This is understood as part of maintaining our own tradition and keeping uniqueness. Here, tradition and uniqueness of Korean Siga are found. Tradition and uniqueness of Korean Siga would be maintained and developed as long as our people thrive.

“A Legend of Jangjamot Pond” is one of the widespread legends in the country, which is categorized as the taboo tale. Previous studies on “A Legend of Jangjamot Pond” define women’s ‘looking back’ as the violation of taboo, and interpret daughter-in-law’s fossil as the result of correction. However, it is not satisfied that a good daughter-in-law donating rice to a monk without telling her father-in-law was corrected with a vulnerable man. Moreover, a problem that the fossil, a result of correction, is hallowed is also a lingering dilemma. A question of the Jangjamot Pond tale’s structure is started from here. Indeed, is the Jangjamot Pond tale the structure of taboo violation? And, is the fossil of daughter-in-law a result of correction? This research is going to review the structure of “A Legend of Jangjamot Pond”, look into the meaning of prohibition inserted in the middle part of the story again, and resolve the problem that the fossil of daughter-in-law who violated prohibition is hallowed, at the same time. A tale of Jangjamot Pond is divided into a total of 6 paragraphs: ‘it is talked that there is a miser in a town’; ‘a monk visits the miser’s house and demands offering to a temple, but the miser denies it and gives the monk excrement instead’; ‘the miser’s daughter-in-law donates rice to the monk without telling her father-in-law’; ‘the monk tells her to follow him, but not to look back and climb a mountain’; ‘the town goes to a watery grave, and the daughter-in-law looks back’; and ‘she finally becomes a stone.’ It was found that each of these paragraphs means lack-test 1-passing test 1-test 2-passing test 2-satisfying the lack, and it has the similar type of the martyr’s structure proposed by Alan Dundes. After all, the tale of Jangjamot Pond is identified it is not a structure that is composed of taboo, violation of the taboo, and punishment of the violation, but a structure of identifying compassion and giving it sacredness with repeated and gradual tests of goodness. And through this interpretation, it is discovered that the meaning of ‘taboo’ in the structure of a tale gets out of the previous studies defining its meaning just as a device for identifying the god’s authority and the taboo’s meaning can vary according to the composition of paragraphs in the structure of a tale. The taboo ‘Don’t look back’ in the tale of Jangjamot Pond is a temptation to test goodness and a test, and women’s looking back can be interpreted as passing the test by overcoming the temptation. Women are the achievers who passed tests two times and a fossil is the result. Sacredness of fossil particularly exposed in the other stories eventually shows the meaning of ‘taboo’ in the tale of Jangjamot Pond is a ‘test’. That a fossil to be seen as another expression of the daughter-in-law has an ability to conceive a life and is recognized as another religious belief proves the daughter-in-law is not a woman who was corrected but had achieved sacredness.

This study examined what is a characteristic of authentic precedent included in an individual work and what is a type of authentic precedent in classical literature education, and through this, examined which meaningful value and possibility an authentic precedent contains educationally on teaching classical literature works. In addition, an authentic precedent was decoded, so a teaching-learning direction was explored to be used in conformable work understanding and appreciating. An authentic precedent is one of rhetoric to impart contents effectively and make image clear by using a word of leading text, and is also a rhetorical device contributing on artistic imagery or achievement of a literary work. Decoding of authentic precedent is a semantic understanding act based on communication principle ‘Intertextuality’. In a process of classical literature education, it is necessary to understand that such factor becomes an aesthetic factor of classical literature work. An act using in interpretation and appreciation of a work by understanding an authentic precedent in a process of classical literature education has an educationally meaningful value and possibility in three aspects such as increase of an elegant linguistic ability, establishment of linguistic culture identity, and enjoyment of a work and aesthetic capability enhancement of creation. An authentic precedent used in an individual work should place an emphasis on study as follows in a teaching-learning process according to the types. First, an authentic precedent focusing on the name of a thing should place an emphasis on understanding of a symbol individual word has. The core is making learners understand how characteristics of an object are verbalized and symbolized. Second, for an authentic precedent focusing on a figure, it is important to point out what is the interface between a historical figure and a writer, and what a writer wants to say through a historical figure. Third, an authentic precedent focusing on authority is in case of borrowing expression based on the Confucian classics and historical records, and it should be penetrated where the centroid of meaning relevant authentic precedent has is put by considering a context of work. Fourth, for an authentic precedent focusing on a subject, teaching-learning should be reached by focusing on structure and topicalization of a work. If teachers do not know an authentic precedent in a process of classical literature education, they teach difficultly, but if they know an authentic precedent well, they can teach easily. To extricate from a swamp of excessive exposition of a teaching-learning process of classical literature, it is important that teachers understand characteristics by types of an authentic precedent based on a deep understanding of authentic precedent, so engage in teaching-learning with an emphasis on education to fit a level and a rank of learners.

This study aims at probing the characteristics and meaning of the works which were communicated in the political context. In the process, I intended to understand the works from the perspective of the aesthetics of showing and hiding as not only superficial meaning but also in-depth meaning is important in the political context. In particular, in political communication, it seems that public voice appears as the feature of public interest is emphasized for the group problems. Therefore, the structure of overlap layers in which the contents in relation to public interests emerge on the surface and individual meanings are concealed far below. <Anminga(安民歌)>,<Jajeonjigok(紫殿之曲)> and <Mundeokgok(文德 曲)>, which are communicated in the relationship between kings and servants, are chosen as research materials. <Anminga(安民歌)> has special contexts generated in the realistic tension relationship of conflict between a king and servants. Considering this, we assume that meaning is crystal-clear on the surface and the hidden side contains messages of strict warning toward servants in the work. For <Jajeonjigok(紫殿之曲)> and <Mundeokgok(文德曲)>, they are one of Akjangs(樂章) composed of contents to praise kings on the surface. At the same time, on the hidden side of praising kings, it appears that there is a kind of demand to be guaranteed the distribution of power and the participation in politics. Through this study, it seems that literature has the feature as utterance or writing to consider recipients and such attribute of communication and practice is highlighted, particularly in the phase of political communication. New perception and evaluation about the works, such as <Anminga(安民 歌)>,<Jajeonjigok(紫殿之曲)> and <Mundeokgok(文德曲)>, is likely to be possible with such an understanding.

Yeoseong-nongak, which originated in Namwon, had the cultural background of Gwonbeon. Gwonbeon served the role of a management company that supports and finds jobs for Gisaeng, Korean geisha, and was an educational organization that taught students performing art. After the liberation of Korea from Japanese colonial rule, cultural leaders of Namwon reorganized the operational system of Gwonbeon and established Namwon Gukak Center. This newly built center publicly claimed that it is an educational organization for performing art and tried to discard the negative image of Gwonbeon related to entertainment industry. During the process, the profit from management business decreased, so in order to make money for the operation of the organization, Namwon Gukak Center organized and operated the Yeoseong-nongak bands, female musicians who performed traditional farmers’ music. Yeoseong-nongak bands in Namwon followed the cultural conventions of Gwonbeon in terms of education and performances. Regarding the introduction process, subjects of study, and educational procedure, the methods used in Gwonbeon for teaching young gisaengs were adopted. Also, by participating in Chunhyang Festival, which originated from the Gwonbeon of Namwon, Yeoseong-nongak bands publically showed that they were under the cultural influence of Gwonbeon. As seen from above, Yeoseong-nongak was born in Namwon, but unlike village nongak, it was created and developed on the basis of the culture of Gwonbeon.

Gi Hyeong-do lived in ‘Gwangmyeong’ for 25 years, from his childhood till he died at an early age of twenty-nine. In the 1980s, ‘Gwangmyeong’ (Siheung-gun, Gyeonggi-do, at the time) was a hinterland of Seoul, a farming village, but it is transformed into a bed town functionally distributed through industrialization. He captures anonymity of the urban crowd through strollers’ eyes of ‘unfamiliarity’ and ‘distancing’ on urban streets and gives form to that in his works with a unique method, for the issue of anonymity that urbanization brought about causes issues of the modification of the senses and gaze and at the same time, affects the form of expression, which is based in urban placeness, in other words, the system of representation. This study regards ‘unfamiliarity, stiffness and emptiness’ as the dominant spatial image of Gi Hyeong-do’s poetry and definitely reveals that this spatial recognition occurs in the locality of the bed town. The spatial representation of the ‘bed town’ mentioned here is not just limited to ‘Gwangmyeong,’ but also brings the surrounding cities of ‘Seoul,’ together. This awareness of space and location in his poetry re-evaluates the results of the existing research that used abstract and universal approaches, apart from reality, which shows that his poetry is based on specific placeness in the reality. Asking about the locality of the bed town in Gi Hyeong-do’s poetry becomes a method of finding the root of life, reflecting on the loss of place in the surrounding cities subordinate to ‘Seoul’ and asking about the reason why we came to lose the place.

This article is an analysis of the article 'the margin', which is one of the aesthetic qualities of Kim jong-sam’s poetry. Prior to mean building on the margins of Kim jong-sam’s poetry, this article tried to explain that the margins are formed through any process revealed in Kim jong-sam’s poetry. In particular, using the original methodology of Cognitive Poetics, and noted the process of feeling in the reader's perspective margin. When you read a poem of Kim jong-sam, attention selection is an important action to build on the meaning and aesthetic qualities of the work. In other words, a attention selection of figure and ground, profiling, forms the margins of Kim jong-sam’s poetry. Specifically, the analysis was that the figure and ground is a cyclical upturn in the case of "Little Drummer Boy". And due to the cyclic turnover "margin" it has been formed. In some cases, such as "The ink painting" and "Rasanska" it was also involved in analyzing the topic of subject and attention selection of verbs to profile. In addition, I looked at the course content that is beyond the expectations of readers. Moreover, by intentionally omitting the company analyzed the structure does not act on the profile to join the verb. Through this cognitive process revealed a pattern that is formed margin. We have to be filled with meaning in the ‘margin’. In other words, the margin is to function as a desired device fill out the meaning. And Kim jong-sam is a poet with the device very effectively. So it is difficult to evaluate only poet merely as an aesthetic pursuit of absolutely pure Kim jong-sam. And his poetry is difficult to assess only the image-oriented poetry.

This article focuses on the prototype, which Kim Jo Kyu weaves a metaphor and symbolism but sought to identify aspects of the poet poetic Words and image layers of the modern machine civilization directly or indirectly connected with the railway area. According to the vague understanding that the poet's imaginative shaping contemporary atmosphere and space in a railroad motif discuss existing and noticeable difference in urine volume poetic vocabulary of the language poets such as how to configure the image, the image of the poet in any way research the one that how appears to. Japanese invasion of Joseon period many contemporary poets, but a pathological world view as wet while negative attention to the sense of loss as they did, 1930-40's, and as a metaphor of another way they resonate with rail space lice figured weaves the award and it was Kim Jo Kyu. In connection with the poet chosen to sanctions at the railway catering, shape and artwork that can be classified as a Bomber dynamic / static image of an eye means the action of Shea it was identified several pieces. Therefore the aesthetics of the property and the poet's poetic language center trains and waiting rooms that are clearly labeled in accordance with the specimen in dynamic, static allowing each of them to medium of substance was developed under the argument relative concept.

Hwang Sun won's earlier works mostly express his ambition and vision for the ideal world. On the contrary, his postwar novels describe the cruelty of Korean war caused by the conflict of ideologies and destruction for humanization. This article will further explain the humanization-oriented feature of Hwang Sun won's postwar novels by investigating its awareness for ideologies. and critical attitude of Hwang Sun won. In essence, Korean War is a fratricidal tragedy caused by conflict of ideologies. In his postwar novels Hwang Sun won keep a distance from ideologies to try to describe this war of ideologies objectively. His short novels use the method of compare and contrast to express the cruelty of war by describing the lost of humanization of people, while his long novels focus on the mental suffering of people, which is more tragic than normal physical injury. Based on this point, Hwang Sun won brought out with "Korean War is a historical tragedy without good and evil, without injurer and victim". Postwar novels of Hwang Sun won advocate using humanization, which means human dignity and value to eliminate conflict of ideologies. His humanization-oriented attitude, criticizes the inhumanity of ideological war. His try to use humanization to win ideological war has profound meaning in the history of Korean literature.

Conversational implicature is a concept of speech-act theory that is applied with importance for emphatic communication. By intentionally breaking the principle of cooperation, it allows the listeners to make inference of the implications from the speech, which can be observed frequently in our daily lives. Based on the textbooks and interviews with teachers, the learning activities related to conversational implicature were analyzed and the following guidelines for education was deducted. First, chapters regarding conversational implicature need to be created and relevant content need to be introduced intensively. By presenting various practical cases in the chapters of conversation and communication, the concept of conversational implicature can be educated linked with the concept of empathy and communication. Second, speech training supplementation to consider the listener from the speaker’s point of view. Current textbooks are composed of activities where the listeners are asked to grasp the intention of the speaker or to analyze a certain situation from the speaker’s viewpoint. Although learning from the position of the listener is important, speech training to understand the counterparts from listeners in order to perform speech with empathic communication should proceed. Third, relevant concept in middle school textbooks need to be complemented. As shown in the interviews with teachers, the subject of speech is not adopted as an optional subject in high school. Thus, the concept of conversational implicature needs to be presented with illustrations in an easier format during middle school. Fourth, activities that intensively deal with social and cultural context should be devised. When conversational implicature of socio-cultural context is being educated, activities promoting the understanding of the other culture and finding ways to help foreigners to understand certain situations despite the language barriers should be applied additionally instead of a simple situation analysis. Fifth, interesting and practical, and specific education method should be presented. Currently, activities related to conversational implicature focus largely on analysis. Diverse ways of class teaching need to be incorporated into textbooks or into guidelines for teachers. Furthermore, we presented a Korean language education theory that the understanding of conversational implicature may contribute to the formation of empathic communicative community. In the education, interpretation skills of the participants imagining empathic communicative community should be included.

The purpose of this study is to develop dual learning models for the gifted in language and the others. It is proposed also a learning model for the gifted in language 'linguistic talent-development model', And the language-learning model for the gifted in general. "linguistic model fulfillment verbal -grounding’. The goal of 'Linguistic talent-development model "is improving special competence of the gifted in language more and more. So they will be provided and supported various ways that appropriate their linguistic aptitude. That is based on individual instruction model including individual language competence and educational environmental factors, cognitive, and emotional characteristics. Next, ‘Linguistic model fulfillment verbal -grounding’ is used frame of language training program for the gifted in general. In the future, Professionalism is completed how to using of language. So the goal of this model is practicing and studying about the high quality expressions. Listening and speaking, reading and writing to their major This model is based on integrated education model. This study proposed two models of language learning program for the gifted in language and the other gifted students. This dual model show the importance of language in gifted education. And this study can prove the identification of language giftedness and propose direction of languge gifted education.

This study points out the problematic tendency which underestimates honorific mood even though it’s usage-based features directly connects it to everyday life unlike other grammatical features. Therefore, this study emphasizes meaningful grammar education in real life to promote grammar education as learner-centered one. A possible way to achieve this end is presented from the perspective of curriculum and content structure. From the aspect of curriculum, it is suggested that honorific mood which is set as sentence structure or sentence expression be moved to discourse level as an independent content achievement criteria. It is based on the assumption that this will be more effective and systematic since this approach will encompass the honorific mood and address form together. In addition, an alternative approach, which integrates teaching-learning method with speech based on the learner-centered perspective is examined. The purpose of this integration is to enhance grammar learning which is connected to real life by setting dialogue scenes as discourse level of grammar and therefore learning how to address the interlocutor in the scenes, because honorific mood can integrate two learning factors, ‘language etiquette’ and ‘understanding of the principles of politeness’ of speech. This will enable learners to reuse their knowledge of honorific mood in their dialogue, and it might promote the knowledge as usable grammar in practice, not as simple acquisition of knowledge.

For a professor, writing education was a double difficulties of teaching and writing feedback. That is the reality of university writing education. To resolve this matter, I suggested the way of efficient feedback, which would reduce feedback times. It is called the ‘Writing Feedback Line’. This method provides indirect occasion for learners. This teaching method uses indirect communication. For example, a professor underline(or blocked) the wrong part in writings of learners. And then, learners investigate the wrong part watching the feedback line. Learners correct their writings watching the feedback line, as the police are digging deep into some case to solve it. ‘Writing Feedback Line’ have a similar structure to police line. Knowledge about the correct way of investigating items must be in place before learners investigate their writings. In conclusion, this study places emphasis on practical in work: format, plot, content, grammar.

Nowadays, students, living on the world of infinitive competition, are forced to be 'a man of having economic senses' or 'a completive individual.' By the result, they don't have enough time for their self-reflections. The self-reflection is only achieved after such ontological questions whether he is living as a true human being are answered to himself, after thinking back his past life, definitely not through others's. The purpose of reconsidering the past life is to help people understand their life from the different angles, furthermore, making their plan for new life and realizing it. The wills comprise threes type of writings: 1) lists of property 2) the wills 3) engrave epitaphs. After writing the lists of their property, students recognize that they have received much better treatments(love, favor and caring) than they have deserved. Moreover, they must accept that even harassments become very important parts in terms of constructing their life. By this experience, we may have such self-esteem that 'I am a greater men than I have ever imagined.' While writing their wills, students may rethink about these life-events happened in the past. The rethinking of the past-events means that the life-experiences can be rearranged and restructured as they happened in order to give them significant meanings. As their life is rearanged and restructured, students will gain their energies not only for their self-reflection, also for their new life. The general practice of witting wills have been conducted to give teachings to the descendants. However, the propose of self-reflective wills is to archive the self-reflection on their life, furthermore, to have rightful attitudes and to gain energies for their new life. More than these things, the wills written for self-reflection have also healing effects. These healing effects are produced not only through the self-esteem on the way of writing these wills, but also through the importance of human relationship, the relaxation after dissipating negative experiences and the positive view after achieving new life.

This study aims to suggest method of poetry teaching for a reasonable[valid] interpretation. Poetry teaching is based on reception theory and reader-response criticism until now. but these theories have limits that is a gap between ideal reader and real reader. It means that the real readers are less likely the possibility of a reasonable interpretation than ideal reader. The concept of an ideal reader is in accordance with the theory of the Iser, Ideal readers know certain works of literature and literary techniques to deploy customs, production methods means that the text of the law governing them systematically in the text's codes (codes)' means the reader knows. That speaks fluent readers about the indeterminacy of the structure and meaning of the text. In addition, the literary grammar means ‘rules of signification’, ‘customs of the figurative coherence’ and ‘customs of thematic unity’. Ideal reader can be interpret a poetic sense, based on the organic structure of the text cohesion. However, the real reader is still in inexperienced readers to the literary grammar and they impressed with only a sense of the text the appreciation. This paper has highlighted the real reader(High School student) Literature In order to fulfill its role must map to the validity interpreted in light of the literary grammar. To support this discussion, compare the various aspects of the practical interpretation of the real reader and ideal reader for a work called "waterfall" of Kim Soo Young. And heading to enrich the appreciation of the real readers class teaching methods were designed containing the centrifugal questions and aesthetic questions. And to a comprehensive discussion over, it said that it is possible to reach a reasonable interpretation through dialogue and cultural discourse community, observe binding upon the structure of the text, empathic coordination.