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This paper outlines some characteristics of Chinese Korean language learners and makes suggestions to make the quality of Korean Language Education for Chinese learners better. According to LCT(Learner-centered teaching), the learner characteristics are the key factor of learning success or failure. The characteristics of Chinese learners: 1) Aged around early of 20; 2) Aiming to get a job or go to the higher institution after studying Korean; 3) Wanting to learn practical Korean language and culture instead of academic ones; 4) Preferring to perform small group activities rather than interactive activities. To develop more efficient Korean language program focused on Chinese learners, this paper suggests that the learner friendly curriculum and teaching contents which are based on the analysis of learner's demand must be made first and also some supplemental materials like teacher's guide, workbook for self studying, multimedia aids, internet resources are should be offered.

Near‐synonyms are one of the difficulties in Chinese learning. Errors, due to the confusion about the differences among the near‐synonyms, are one of the main errors in the process of Chinese acquisition.This paper, based on a careful analysis of errors on near‐synonyms, classifies various erroneous collections into three types: semantic error, grammar error and pragmatic error. Some specific types of errors are discussed in the paper.The main causes of errors involve native language transfer, mother language explanation induced and Chinese explanation induced.

Till now the Chinese grammarians have only done preliminary exploration on Chinese partially related lexicalization. Only few papers have been published on this field, and fewer papers deal with the character and structure. The present paper for the first time discusses the partially related lexicalization of Chinese phrases diachronically and synchronically. The Chinese syntax academic have generalized five types of the word formation of compound words: coordinated type，attributive type，verb-object type，subject-predicate type and predicate-complement type, etc. The author believes that the generalization is not comprehensive, because there is still partially related type besides the above. The partially related lexicalization of Chinese phrases reflects an important word formation of Chinese compound word, which is the partially related type. To study the character and structure, master the regular pattern of word formation and the method to differentiate and analyze, will contribute to better understanding of the partially related lexicalization of Chinese phrases. We should attach enough importance to the study. There are five parts in this paper. Part One is the introduction，which briefly states the value and significance of the paper; Part Two is the partially related lexicalization of ancient Chinese phrases, which respectively disserts the character and structure of the partially related lexicalization of ancient Chinese phrases and some points to be paid attention to when we distinguish the partially related lexicalization of ancient Chinese phrases, etc；Part Three is the partially related lexicalization of modern Chinese phrases, which respectively disserts the character and structure of the partially related lexicalization of modern Chinese phrases and some points to be paid attention to when we distinguish the partially related lexicalization of modern Chinese phrases, etc; Part four profoundly discusses the basic condition of ancient and modern Chinese partially related lexicalization and the differences and similarities of ancient and modern Chinese partially related lexicalization. The last part is the conclusion, which generalizes and summarizes the whole paper.

By reconstructing the evolutionary process of individual classifier in Chinese, This paper found that:(1)the individual classifier in Chinese started from imitating the frame “yi dou jiu” and motivated by analogy in form,(2) “mei” and “ge” was borrowed, not grammatized, as universal substitute classifiers to meet the expression need at different certain stage in the process,(3)the evolutionary process of individual classifier in Chinese was dominated by the mechanism of language selection.

Metaphor is not merely a method of thinking; it is a linguistic and cultural phenomenon; New words can be made with metaphor. The paper aims to explore the roles metaphor plays in new meaning of lexical and proposes metaphor‐based Chinese‐teaching as a foreign language.

The Morden Chinese Dialect provide a dynamic source for the Mandarin, a lot of words are derived from the Mandarin Dialect. The Sichuan Dialect belongs to the Southwest Dialect , which is one of the Northern Dialect. The Mandarin as the basisi of the North Dialect, so the Sichuan Dialect made a deep impression on Mandarin. Therefore, doing research in the Sichuan Dialect has a significant meaning in terms of in‐depth understanding the pattern of the Modern Mandarin. This paper researched the Sichuan dialect about the same etyma and different affix adjective , the same affix and different affix adjective . In particular, focus on the same etyma and different affix adjective lively form , the researching methods used are mainly descriptive method, statistical method and so on.

Folks and Nursery Rhymes became one of the mainly way of recovery motherland and national liberation in manchuria in the history of Anti-Japanese Militias resistance, independent struggle, and anti-Japanese allied forces struggle. The Japanese crime has been exposed byand Folks and Nursery Rhymes, and the belief of anti-Japanese national salvation has been spread. This paper observes the features of Folks and Nursery Rhymes, which has beenspread in Antu city, in the history of Anti-Japanese Militias resistance, independent struggle, and anti-Japanese allied forces struggle, thenanalyzes the experiences of the history.

Ahn soo‐gill is a representative writer of Modern Korean Literature in the area of description of the Korean history concerning with Manchuria. <North Kando>, the representative work of his own and one of Korean national literature, objectively and vividly described the aspect of Manchuria and Korean immigrants there. Through the novel, An soo‐gill presented the contribution of these Korean immigrants to the Korean Modern History and showed the great pictures of Korean independence movement in Manchuria under the Japanese conquer. In the novel, the writer showed an episode of four generations of three families, who lived and fight in Manchuria. Through the novel, we can not only read the different kinds of value orientation of people in the Colonial period, but also can know more in detail that after losing sovereignty, Korean people paid great price and continuance fight on recovering their national self‐respect and independence. This novel described with realism on the Korean Modern History concerned with Manchuria, especially in the history of Korean independence movement there. Through the novel, we can also see the process of development of Korean literature, and in the same time, we also can read the writer’s historic consciousness, the mental situation of Korean people in his time, and the contribution of this novel to the Modern Korean Literature.

In the process of constructing cultural identities of people in the north‐eastern part of China during the first half of the 20th century, the presence of non‐Chinese others played a crucial role. The contact between the north‐eastern and non‐Chinese others took place with unprecedentedly high frequency after the founding of the State of Manchuria. The founding as well as the decline of the State of Manchuria, as an abnormal national system situated between the contradictory identities of being a puppet regime in the zone of military occupation and being a colony at the same time, were contemporaneous with the acceleration of capitalism in the north‐eastern part of China, the modernization of the north‐eastern society, and the formation of the experience of modernity among the north‐eastern. Along with the political interaction with non‐Chinese others, the Manchurian literary circle, being the cradle of the north‐eastern modern literature, was also an important stage where the north‐eastern, based on their experience of mutual competition and cooperation with various foreign peoples such as the Japanese, the Russian, and the Korean, observed the collective fate of going through the condition of military occupation and political turbulence. North Manchurian authors’ writings of national allegories were created in an atmosphere of rapid development of Harbin as a colonial city, the small‐scale oriental Paris where north Manchurian authors organized and carried out their primary activities. How did north Manchurian authors, through an examination of Harbin and its surrounding areas, observe the various peoples including the Japanese, the Russian, the Korean, and the Jewish situated in the political context of the State of Manchuria as an atypical pattern of national system and describe non‐Chinese as well as non‐Japanese others? In north Manchurian authors’ writings, how did certain depicted stereotypical images of “secondary others” exterior to the class of the ruling regime serve as the medium of the figurative usage of metonymy for these authors so as to critique the Japanese as “the primary other”? What kind of structure was formed in the literary articulation against Japanese military and political maneuvers when the actual ethnic relations between the north‐eastern and multiple others were presented through the way of image construction? How could the Korean in Manchuria, as a secondary other subordinate to the Japanese manipulation, be endowed with a positive image distinct from their previously shaped stereotype in literary representations of ethnic relations among the different peoples in Manchuria? Moreover, how could the new image of the Korean allegorically reflect north Manchurian authors’ worries and anxieties about the construction of cultural identities of the north‐eastern, now that these authors were burdened with the responsibility to observe the transformation of their ethnic fate? This paper will explore the abovementioned issues by focusing on Shu Chiun’s novel Children without Their Homeland, together with some descriptions pertaining to Manchurian others delineated by Shu Chiun’s contemporaries of the north‐eastern literary circle.

WU Mingshi is good at making a emotional narration way of two extremes of feelings for wild with joy and sad, cold and heat, move and silent in his story. For example, his story The Amorous Feeling Picture in North Polar Regions, to express life feelings, to create typical tragedy characters and to show a aesthetic standards in life philosophy. WU Mingshi choose a story of fervent love from Korea colonel and Poland girl in his story The Amorous Feeling Picture in North Polar Regions, his aim is to show a life value and meaning for the transnational love.

Chinese contemporary female writer Xia Nian Sheng’sgrowth novel《Summer moon》,that did not only describe love stories, which was an unusual implicative and pure love, and clear up the short of love by relying on the dedication of ideal and the revolution, and melt the fear of death and the years’ solitude in strange country, by been sentimentally attached to life and revolution and heat of life .Novels described on the symbol of "moon", together with romantic and realistic, revealing the very desolate and tragic intension. Moreover which standing out the national consciousness, containing a love story about political. The hero novels Korean political leaders BaiFanJinJiu and China's girl ZhuAiBao whom were rowing boat and come from JiangNan, after five years’ standing together regardless of situation, the hero put "home", "national" into the firt place. In writer’s circumbendibus, elegant, restrained depth said : emotional expression about national state interest ante omnia.

The paper, based on historical narrative and poetic strategies in "Return to Paradise", points out that Xia Niansheng is expert in characterization and rendering emotion by using imagery and area background. Due to giving full play to the characteristics’ strong emotion, the writer promoted plot and emotion ups and downs, by interview notes, narrative plot or the hero’s inner monologue alternately. Because the writer explored more deeply the heroic acts in the meaning of human life, "Return to Paradise" has distinctive difference from other novels about Korean in the war.

The fiction Heart‐to‐Heart Lock (Lian Xin Suo, written by Ke Yang and Ge Ji) is one of the representative works about Korea in contemporary Chinese literature. There are a lot of heroes from Korea, especially Xu Zhefeng, An Rongshu and Piao Chengmo, from whom we can’t discriminate their political thoughts, the feelings to fatherland, even feelings to the leader like Chairman Mao (Mao Zedong) from Chinese heroes. They looks like Chinese more than Korean in the fiction. The Writers had not any experience in Korea, and they were not also conscious that they needed to embody the Korean heroes with the area background of Korea. A heavy deficiency for the Korean area background is the main defect of the fiction.

In the years 1995‐2000, according to my knowledge, six Chinese books appeared in the PRC and one outside of it, analyzing the reception, and to some extent, also the Wirkung, or fortune, as the literary comparatists use to say, of the Bible (and Christianity in general) in modern Chinese creative and critical literature. The pioneering work of Lewis S. Robinson Double‐Edged Sword. Christianity & 20th Century Chinese Fiction from the year 1986, found its follower in a young, but courageous scholar Ma Jia (* 1962), who, together with his mentor, my friend Professor Ye Ziming (1935‐2005), was the first to dare in the atheist atmosphere of his country to point out the concrete traces of impact of the Bible on the Chinese literature of the first half of the twentieth century. The process was long and troublesome, but in 1995, after years of rejection of the manuscript, his book appeared in Shanghai (Ma Jia, 259‐260). Three years before, in 1992, Robinson's book was published, on the initiative of the old writer Xiao Qian (1910‐2000), in the translation of Xiao's student Fu Guangming (*1965) and Liang Gong,for obvious reasons not in the PRC, but in Taiwan (Fu Guangming, Liang Gong).

Writers since the late of 19th century not only examined emancipation of females and reformation of society through further exploring the special life of prostitutes at the bottom of society and their multi-human nature, but also attached great importance to moulding high-grade prostitutes in their writing---social butterflies characterized by individual glamour of strong feminism. Indeed, the features of modernism, dissipation and rebellion expressed in the image of social butterflies exactly run counter to the features of the image of prostitutes at the bottom of society marked by poverty, adherenceto convention and helplessness, demonstrating sharp contrast in the image of two different kinds of prostitutes. Apart from showing the profoundness of writers in their analysis of issues on females, it also denotes the significance of such females as social butterflies in the culture of China in modern times.

A system of narratology endowed with Hegalian insights can be discerned in prose writing between 1949 and 1956, the period of state foundation in modern China, if Jean Francois Lyotard’s analysis of postmodernism is deployed. This recurring theme of grand narrative steered the literary tides, helped exhibit the newborn state, socialism, peasants and heroes to the mass, and were highly commended. These works, however, have failed to sustain their indispensability when the tides have been over.

This study aims at investigating the modern memory of Tibetan people and their view from the periphery on the ruling system of the Sino-centric world by focusing on the masterpiece by ZaXiDaWa, a contemporary Tibetan writer active in Chinese literary circles, Tibet: The Soul Tied to the Knots of a Leather Strap Ropes. ZaXiDaWa was born in Batang county in Sichuan province in 1959, the very year Tibet lost its independence. His father was an ethnic Tibetan in an executive position and his mother was a Han Chinese. He spent his childhood in Chongqing and after graduating from junior high school in 1974, he wrote scripts and also took charge of stage decoration for Tibetan drama troupes. In 1978, he spent a year in Beijing studying and training and began publishing short stories in Mandarin from 1979 onwards. His appearance as a Tibetan writing in Mandarin shook the Chinese literary circles. In particular, his use of the Latin American magical realist style from around 1985 was eagerly welcomed. While attracting readers by using techniques of crossing of spatio-temporality, counter-current and rotation of time, and the intersection of reality and illusion, he at the same time successfully depicted the inner world of contemporary Tibetans, which was represented by the mixture of the yearning for both religious salvation and material civilization. This research is divided into two parts. First part introduces PRC’s policies toward ethnic minorities and Tibetan history as a background for ZaXiDaWa’s literary works. Second part is an analytical criticism of his works. The special interests of this research are in Tibetan history and political feelings of uneasiness, historical identity of Tibetan people, the confusion of traditional and modern values, and anxiety of ethnic minority.

This is a study on the cultural identity of Chinese poetry literature in Singapore. Through Singapore's major writers and works, can be found in their works's cultural identity, For example, wandering consciousness and homesickness consciousness etc. Also through this study, we can know the national identity of Singapore natives. Thus futher reserch needs to be done to overcome today's Chinese literature study and limitations.

The present paper is aimed to establish to being relationship of indivisibility between language and thought. Various approach about the thinking system of the Chinese is possible. But the present paper as I examines Chinese thinking method based on feature of Mandarin, trying to increase understanding the Chinese and Chinese culture that reflect language and thought Chinese is ideogram, isolating language, monosyllabic word. The present paper induce the language features which is general from this feature of chinese. First, the Chinese changes in the fixed frame appropriately according to situation. Second, the Chinese considers seriously harmony in variety. The present paper regard the Chinese' thought system as duplicate and synthetic, explicate chinese' thought system for the phenomena of language which relate with this but because Chinese organize in Han(漢) race, 55 minority race, have various language though Mandarin is the standard language, Mandarin can't put together to the Chinse thought system. Relates with this, in future detailed, versatile research about connection of dialect, minority race must become accomplished continuously.

The question is: do subaltern have the right to travel freely in the era of globalization? The essay analyzes the influence of globalization on subaltern travel via close reading of two films directed by Jia Zhangke―The World (2004) and Still Live (2006). The essay discusses how the films represent subaltern’s aspiration to carefree travel in their cinematic characters, scenes and narratives. Depicting a trapped experience in a virtual “world” and meaningless wandering in San‐Xia district, the films reveal the problems of subaltern travel in contemporary China. Besides showing embarrassments and difficulties of subaltern travel in documentary shots, the films further express a dream of flying through surrealistic devices, which constructs a contrast between reality and dream to capture the tension of subaltern travel in the era of globalization.