KJC Korea
Journal Central

The use of machine translation is becoming more common, and the quality of the translations is steadily improving, sparking ongoing discussions in academia on the utility of machine translation. However, skepticism remains on the evaluations of machine translation performance. Notably, many voices insist literary translation is an area where replacing human translators with machines would be difficult. If so, then how well do machine translations work with dramas, a literary genre relatively close to everyday conversational forms? Unlike novels and poetry, dramas are meant to be both read and acted out, and the characters’ lines are written in a form that resembles everyday conversation. Thus, the translation task hinges significantly on an understanding of literary expression as well as individual character traits. Importantly, the Korean language employs much inflection and has developed numerous honorifics, so the translation must be preceded by a clear grasp of the relationships among the characters in the story. This study compares existing Korean translations of three leading Chinese one-act plays—The Bus Station—with the translations produced by Naver Papago and Google Translation, and then seeks to identify the potential and limitations of machine translation with respect to drama.

The purpose of this study is to examine the pragmatic constraints of initial indefinite noun phrase in Mandarin. Indefinite noun phrases are often regarded as ungrammatical when used with intransitive verbs. Indefinite noun phrases are typically transformed into a verb-subject word order when used with intransitive verbs. However, it has been observed that the acceptability of initial indefinite noun phrase can be improved by semantic-pragmatic factors such as referentiality of transitive object and spatio-temporal location. These factors affect the acceptability of initial indefinite noun phrase at the sentence level. On the other hand, at the discourse level, initial indefinite noun phrase can be analyzed in various ways. At the discourse level, initial indefinite noun phrase can be judged for their locationality through contextual restriction, and their realization can vary depending on their location. Through this, we can see that various pragmatic constraints of initial indefinite noun phrase in natural language are manifested through their mutual relationships in numerous contexts created by natural language.

This study examined the subjects and medical methods of medical treatment at the time by referring to the ancient literature related to ancient Chinese doctors and medical care in the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty, Epigraphy of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and 《Shuowen Jiezi》 of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The medical subjects of primitive ancient China that appear in oracle bone inscriptions and 《Shuowen Jiezi》 are shamans。 At that time, the shamans were people in charge of politics, culture, sorcery, and rain calling ceremonies. They were individuals with considerable spirituality, status, and cultural literacy. The ancient medical techniques that emerged from the text included the witched-doctors treating diseases by prayers, stone needles used in acupuncture, massage, moxibustion therapy, and medication to treat patients。 In oracle bone inscriptions, the characters used to represent the witched-doctors treating diseases by prayers are " 祝 " and " 兌 ", while in《ShuowenJiezi》, the characters used to represent witched-doctors treating diseases by prayers are " 禦 " and "呪 ". The character " 砭 " represents the " stone needle treatment method". The characters used to represent acupuncture therapy are “殷”, “”, “鍼 , and “ ”. The characters for massage therapy is “尉”. The characters used to represent moxibustion are "灸", " 灼 ", and " 艾 ". The words for drug therapy are "毒", "藥", "樂", and . Through the analysis of the above texts and ancient literature, we will examine the traces of various treatments and pharmacological methods used by primitive Chinese ancient people.

This study attempted to propose pre-editing rules for improving the quality of spoken machine translation by paying attention to errors that occur when machine translating live Korean spoken language used by young Koreans into Chinese using Naver Papagos. Most of the existing research related to pre-editing targets non-Chinese such as Korean-English and Korean-Russian, did not analyze informational texts such as newspaper articles and speeches, or did not specify text, and presented pre-editing guidelines without considering the level of machine translation users. This study is differentiated in that it specified analysis data in Korean colloquial style and established pre-editing rules for beginner-level Chinese learners using Chinese as an arrival word.

The purpose of this study is to understand the research trend and also to seek for the future direction of researches by analyzing preceding researches on college Chinese general education. With the fever of Chinese education that began in the early 2000s, the interest in college Chinese general education was raised, and there have been various relevant researches. In fact, however, it is lacking in the results of analyzing preceding researches, which could have negative effects on effective Chinese education. Thus, this study understood the main flow and characteristics by analyzing the results of researches related to college Chinese general education. This study collected total 107 journal papers and 19 theses, and then established the criteria of analysis based on preceding researches on Chinese linguistics, Chinese education, and other foreign language education. This study conducted the quantitative analysis on each period, and the analysis on research method and research theme based on the analysis criteria, and sought for the development direction of relevant researches in the future. Hopefully, this study could be helpful for the vitalization of relevant researches and the development of college Chinese education in the future.

This thesis tried to clarify how ‘water (水)’ is used to understand which concept in Chinese expression by applying the cognitive semantic concept to it based on corpus materials related to ‘water (水)’. In order to closely analyze what concept of the target domain to try to understand ‘water (水)’ by making it the source domain, the scope was limited to whether there is its movement-fluidity or not. The result which examined aspects of conceptual metaphor according to whether there is fluidity of ‘water (水)’ or not could be found that it is used in the traffic, temporal, finance, abstract reason, and case domains. ‘Water (水)’, road conditions, the streams of time and funding, etc. make people use water as one of the source domain by giving them a dynamic sense. The people derive ‘abstract reason is liquid in a bowl’ from their physical experience and cognitive activities. The case domain of ‘water (水)’ includes situations, changing environments, power which is a motive force of movements, etc. and expresses abstract reason by comparing it to objective phenomena in a metaphorical way. This reason can be explained by the conceptual blending theory and the emergent characteristics of the blending space that is not explicitly caught in the conceptual metaphor theory can be seen in it.

Tang Dynasty frontier poetry is a treasure of ancient Chinese literature, not only occupying an important position in the history of Chinese literature, but also having a profound impact on the development of frontier poetry in the Joseon Dynasty. The attention of Joseon literati to Tang Dynasty's frontier poetry involves various aspects, from the theme connotation to the standard of rhythm, from frontier things to cultural allusions, from the evaluation and comparison of Tang Dynasty's frontier poetry to the interpretation and evaluation of previous annotations, and so on. The learning and imitation of Tang Dynasty's frontier poetry by Joseon literati are reflected in many aspects, such as the use of imagery in Tang Dynasty's frontier poetry, and the agreement with the theme of Tang Dynasty's frontier poetry. In addition, Joseon literati often used the works of Tang frontier poets as a benchmark to measure or evaluate the works of their own literati. The above indicates that Joseon literati were familiar with Tang Dynasty frontier poetry and accepted and recognized Tang Dynasty frontier poetry.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis and research on the communication and influence of Tang Dynasty's frontier poetry on Joseon Dynasty's frontier poetry from various aspects such as dissemination and comparative research.

The Analects of Confucius has experienced the translation of traditional media period and new media period in south Korea, and is experiencing the translation and transmission in the media convergence. Combined with the research data of multiple media platforms, the research finds that compared with the traditional media period, with the assistance of factors such as the integration of new and old media, multi-channel dissemination, and diverse participation, the Analects of Confucius during the period of media integration radiates new vitality and dynamism. The interpretation of the original content pays more attention to the resonance of the philosophy of classics and the wisdom of life, which has the current nature. Meanwhile, the diversity of the translators’ identities and the diversity of the interpretation content also make the translation of the Analects of Confucius have the characteristics of openness. However, the translation of the Analects of Confucius neglects the interpretation and transmission of the political, economic and educational aspects of the original text. Its fragmentation and commercialization also dissolves the authoritativeness of the original works to some extent. The convergence of communication channels during the period of media integration has also facilitated a two-way transition between traditional translated works and newly translated works in terms of both physical publishing and online dissemination.

This study analyzed what unique literary world Mu Shi-ying's creative tendency combined with the genre characteristics of spy novels, using Mu Shi-ying's spy novel G No.Ⅷ, which was famous as a representative writer of the New Sensory in Shanghai in the 1930s. What characteristics of the genre of spy novels were accepted by Mu Shi-ying and what variations it caused in the literary world of Mu Shi-ying were largely divided into two parts. First, Mu Shi-ying accepted the genre characteristics of spy novels of mutual deception and dual identity and cast the shape of “Invisible Man in the Crowd”, hiding himself in a special urban space called Shanghai. The second is a review of the genre variations that Mu Shi-ying attempted. Unlike contemporary spy novels, which inspired patriotism and nationalist ideology through the act of setting clear main enemies and breaking them down, it embodied a narrative in which the interests and counterpoints of the characters were intricately intertwined. In addition, the main characters in the Mu Shi-ying novel reveal the "difficulties" faced by those who were forced to stay in gray areas to survive amid power competition between imperialist countries and ideological conflicts among political forces within China.

This study is based on the results of Hofstede’s previous study, ‘The BIG 5 personality factors(extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience and neuroticism) have a significant effect on uncertainty avoidance among cultural levels’. So, the hypothesis was established that there would be a clear correlation between personality factors and the uncertainty avoidance index, and the investigation was conducted. In particular, focused on his previous argument that ‘Respondents in cultures with a strong tendency to avoid uncertainty rated their neuroticism higher and their agreeableness lower’. To measure BIG 5 personality factors, a total of 40 items were measured on a Likert 5-point scale, including 20 measurement items(4 extraversion, 4 agreeableness, 4 conscientiousness, 4 openness to experience, 4 neuroticism) and 20 measurement items to measure uncertainty avoidance tendency. In addition, demographic questions such as six questions corresponding to the respondents’ gender, age, educational background, industry, position, and tenure were added,, and the questionnaires written in Korean and Chinese were checked through reverse translation to ensure the consistency and accuracy of the questions. For the empirical analysis of this study, questionnaires were distributed and collected from 100 Korean workers in Korea and 100 Chinese workers in China, and the collected questionnaires were analyzed using IBM SPSS 21. As a result of comparative analysis of the BIG 5 personality factors and uncertainty avoidance tendency values of Korean and Chinese office workers based on the average values of SPSS 21 and surveys, the figures for uncertainty avoidance tendency are higher in Korea(3.47 in Korea and 3.35 in China), but the agreeableness is higher in Korea(3.91), and the neuroticism level in China is 3.35, which is much higher than Korea. This is a completely opposite result from Hofstede’s previous assertion, ‘Respondents in cultures with a strong tendency to avoid uncertainty rated their neuroticism higher and their agreeableness lower’. Nevertheless, the study is meaningful in that it was able to derive some results consistent with Hobstead’s overall research that ‘BIG 5 personality factors have a significant effect on uncertainty avoidance tendency’ through the figures of personality factors other than agreeableness and neuroticism. However, there are also limitations. This study was conducted extensively on a total of 200 Korean and Chinese office workers, but the possibility of problems in generalizing the research results cannot be ruled out because there is a deviation in the sample, and total of 40 questions were organized by referring to the research of three scholars for the design of the questionnaire, but there are limitations in accepting the questionnaire due to the use of words or expressions unfamiliar to Chinese respondents. therefore, in future studies, it is necessary to reconstruct the questions by referring to the research of Chinese scholars. In addition, although the SPSS 21 program was used as an analysis method of the survey, it is difficult to completely exclude the possibility of poor operation, so it is necessary to make efforts for higher-level analysis methods through various methods such as regression analysis in future studies.

This article analyzes "Daniels"' film Everything Everywhere All At Once, which has been active in various media genres with an experimental attitude, and examines the aspect of raising the level of minority, family, or growth films with a special film aesthetics that has not been seen in film grammar. "Daniels" showed the essence of grammar that crosses the boundary between films and films with intertextuality that "brings" representative works of Hong Kong films and certain film genres through a device called "multi-space." In addition, Chinese actors working in Hollywood re-write their own history in the film, acting as translators of identity such as ethnic-national-class-cultural crossings and actively participating in the work's central theme awareness and semanticization process. The narrative of Everything Everywhere All At Once is in line with Deleuze and Gatari's nomadism and Rizome's consciousness. The characters in the movie break down the existing order by crossing the existing "selfs" in the multiverse. In these universes, someone does not judge others by superior power. The narrative of these films provides implications for the healthy existence between me and the group, including those living in the ups and downs of complex history and political science between the East and the West.