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There are a number of ways in which the English regional governance web could be analysed, but this article explores how regional governance is understood in England. It begins from the perspective of regional studies that see the challenge of tackling regional problems as a central concern of regional innovation. English regional innovation was based on institutional reforms for improving regional economic competitiveness in an era of regional governance, and influenced by central government regional policies. The implementation of governance concept is grounded in coming about not through top-down regional government, but through building cooperation with a number of stakeholders including the private sector. Thereby, the aim of this article set out to improve a preliminary understanding of the English regional governance in terms of four categories; players, objectives, structure and central government policies.

This study tried to find out three questions with the change between organizational units and its functions and tasks in the Busan Metropolitan City Office of Education : First, how does the organizational units' change affect the functional change? Second, if they have relations, how does the organizational units' change accompany the functional change? Third, how extend is the Kaufman's definition “the functions performed by the agencies were even more enduring than the organizations themselves."explained? Practical implication of this study is as fallow : First, the creation of organizational units strengthen the functions and the abolition of organizational units weaken the functions. Second, the functional changes on the organizational units' change appear on the change of workload, manpower, concern, and importance by the mediation of affair. Third, as to the Kaufman's definition that the functions performed by the agencies were even more enduring than the organizations themselves, the most of functions maintain in spite of the organizational units' abolition.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual state and effect of ‘result-based personnel evaluation system', which has been a basic personnel policy in Korean Government. For this purpose, firstly this study examined 'job performance agreement' and 'performance evaluation or appraisal' representing result-based personnel evaluation system, and people's perception on personal and organizational performance under the systems. Second, this study analyzed the cuasal relationship among result-based personnel evaluation system, personal performance, and organizational performance with applying structural equation modeling(SEM). To do this, empirical analysis on subject matters was performed with the use of survey research, which sampled 784 public officials from 25 governmental agencies. The results of analysis are summarized as follows: Respondents have relatively positive perception on the personnel evaluation system, personal performance, and organizational performance, and each variable has positive causal relationship with each other. Also as the result of conducting the analysis of causal relationship of the whole sample group with a structural equation modeling(SEM), ‘personal performance', the primary endogenous variable of this model, showed a mediated effect in the causal relationship among ‘system itself, personal performance, and organizational performance’.

While Data Envelopment Analysis has been used to assess the efficiency of various public institutions by many scholars, the method was not much applied in analyzing public cultural institutions as it is hard to manipulate variables. However, it is necessary to evaluate budget efficiency of the cultural organizations that also consume tax money. Thus, this article measures and assesses the budget efficiency of public libraries using Data Envelopment Analysis, and suggests some information for improving the efficiency. Unlike previous studies using DEA with small number of cases in analyzing public library, 203 libraries are analyzed and Variable Returns to Scale/Input-Oriented model of DEA is applied in this paper. In particular, cultural programs provided by a library and its budget are included as an output and input variable respectively. The results of this analysis show the efficiency scores, average efficiency, efficient target, and so forth, and these information will help to promote the efficient management of public libraries.

In this article, it is argued that while there has been a far-reaching reform in society regarding the public management after the Korean financial crisis of 1997, the recent research transition toward a citizen-centered mode of governance has been studied. Three forms of governance which includes market-centered, citizen-centered, and government-centered quoted from four emerging models as the future of governing(Peters, 1996) are classified to identify research trends. For this study, 115 articles published from 1997 to 2009 in four Academic Journals were reviewed. The number of articles reviewed on the three forms are as follows 62 articles on citizen-centered research, 32 articles on market-driven research, and 21 articles on government- centered research. This research trends are considered in a political context relevant to the past Korean authoritarian regime and incomplete democracy. In conclusion, to overcome a biased governance research, political context should be considered. Furthermore, a new statecraft research should be conducted.

In order to enhance the overall capacity of IT convergence, Lee, Myung-bak administration reshuffled government organization in Feb. 2008. The Ministry of Information and Communication (MIC) was dissolved, and its functions were distributed four other ministries. Currently, IT has been selected as a new growth engine industry for all ministries. Therefore, four ministries are focusing their IT policy efforts into departmental level. In December 2008, the government announced Framework Plan for National Informatization, which would guide a new policy direction. However, the promotion policy of ICT industry was not properly working because of the organizational conflicts. Therefore, IT control tower and council should be established for policy coordination. And IT governance with IT related budget process is strongly required.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in which 194 nations have joined to date well demonstrates the establishment of international norms on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and on adjustments to changing climate. However, due to difference between national political economic positions, not only is there a wide divergence in their orientations regarding substantial methods and mechanisms to implement in order to achieve the goal of reduction and adjustment, there's also a high possibility that the methods which countries introduce unilaterally or multi-laterally in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions may be incompatible with the existing established free-trade order. Thus, environment-trade disputes are likely to follow. By grouping nations beyond a conventional dichotomy of developed countries and developing ones, this paper explores conflicts between developed-developing countries, developed-developed countries, and developing-developing countries within the international climate change regime. The main issues are: disputes over industrial protection and economic growth, disputes over subsidiary to renewable energy and economic compensation, and disputes over universalization of environmental standard and non-tariff barriers. Although the disputes are more likely to emerge from developed-developing country relations, interest conflicts are also likely to occur due to different national industrial structures, dependency on fossil fuel, and advancement in technology and infrastructureingespite the ideas being proposed in efforts to prevent the collision between climate policies and free-trade order such as regionalism, global environmental organizations, and the General Agreement to Reduce Emissions, this paper argues that comprehensive norms shared by international civil society and universal environmental movements should be primarily reinforced. In this context, Korea is required to explore actions responding to diverging environment-trade conflicts among countries based on their own political economic interests, while making active domestic mitigation efforts, and to pursue growth of more matured climate-sensitive civil society.

This research presents an empirical analysis of the effect of protest on policy change. Focusing on environmental issues and data-mining the PEDAK database, it suggests the impact of protest on policy change by analyzing factors associated with protest scale, protest strategies, protest demands, protesters and targets of protest action. Regarding protest scale, the research reveals a correlation between the number of participants and policy change. Furthermore, when protest methods vary, targets of protest action are more willing to make concessions on certain issues. Lastly, protest content plays a significant role in policy change. However, unlike other cases, greater cost burden on targets of protest action will dissipate the joint effect of ecological and political demands on policy change. This research has theoretical significance in that it seeks to enhance past research on unconventional participation and policy change by offering empirically grounded analysis of the effect of protest on policy change.

The biggest change for Korea in the 21st Century has been the advent of multicultural society. There are over a million foreigners living in Korea. Multiculturalism now sounds familiar to Koreans. Thus, Korea is no longer an ethnically homogeneous nation but, rather, a multi-ethnic nation. This study focus on the Chinese brides of Koreans living in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, and Incheon. The aim of this study is to survey the responsiveness of Korean government when they receive public services. It then determines the differences between groups and analyzes how it changes according to different independent variables. In this study, multicultural Korean government services for foreign brides of Koreans are divided into six parts, as education, culture, welfare and consultation, medicine, employment, and legal services. The theoretical research checked the theoretical background of public administration responsiveness, and draws conclusions and political implications from the analysis for the survey. The results show that the responsiveness of the Korean government is highest in education and culture. Chinese brides feel lower responsiveness the older they are. There is also a clear difference between Chinese and Chinese-Korean brides. The Korean government should provide a greater variety of programs and make a cooperative network for them in order to help them adapt to Korean society.

This article intends to apply the concepts of complexity to policy studies, and particularly tries to analyze the cause of policy results(policy failure and success), using the concept of “policy fitness landscape” which originates from “fitness landscape”. For a case study, we chose the early atomic nuclear power plant policy and radioactive waste disposal facility policy, and investigated them in comparative historical method. As a result of this study, we found that the early policy fitness landscape is very simple to locate the high degree of fitness for policy practices, but policy landscape change continuously with the course of time inducing the failure of policies which could not adapt to change. In another aspect, this study seeks for relevant policy design method to succeed in policies and adapt to changing policy landscape, suggesting the social dynamics theory, developmental evaluation model, and initiative evaluation model which are grounded on complexity concepts. These theory and models indicated that the policy design and redesign through continuous developmental evaluation be needed to adapt to ever changing complexity policy environment and succeed in policy practices.

The number of female public employees has been increasing very much. It is sure that this trend will continue for long time. Therefore, the strategy of male centered human resource management has to be changed. We need to find the way to bring out female’s potential and competence in public sector. This study presents a plan to strengthen the competitiveness of Korean government by improving the promotion system for female public employees. The study subjects of this study include general civil servants, police officers, fire fighters, foreign service officers and public prosecutors. This study suggests three plans for female public employees’ promotion system. Firstly, work performance has to be re-evaluated. Secondly, a temporary promotion system for female senior civil servant and a promotion evaluation committee are needed. Finally, a preventive measure for disadvantage because of delivery and infant care, and evaluation considering life cycle of female are also needed.

The balanced scorecard (BSC), though developed to monitor performance in the private sector, has been widely used in the public sector in recent years because BSC is a balanced perspective including both financial and non-financial measures. Existing studies on the public sector BSC have focused on the necessity to introduce BSC to the public sector, the difference between the public sector BSC and the private sector BSC, and effective implementation plans for the public sector BSC. But they have overlooked the point that various evaluation systems had already existed before the BSC system was taken in the public sector. In other words, a new evaluation model is developed in order to overcome the limitations of the existing models. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of BSC systems related to the existing systems. This can help us understand the essentials and the limitations of BSC systems in the public sector. In this paper, a case study on BSC systems of Women Resources Development Centers in Seoul was performed to illuminate the process of the introduction and the evolution after the adoption. According to the analysis, the BSC systems of WRDCs have been shaped in the framework of existing evaluation systems since 1999. In addition, BSC evaluation models could be developed adjusting them to organizational characteristics and missions with bottom-up and adaptive approach. Besides, it is important that BSC systems should be properly operated after introduced to the public agencies because the acceptance cannot automatically bring about theoretically expected effect.

To enlarge international prestige, Korea has to increase the amount of assistance to developing countries. KOICA who have distributed international grants from 1991 had implemented the mid-term CAS from 2007 to improve grant programs. In addition, it has appraised the CAS evaluation from 2008 to review the validity of the CAS implementation. This study is to extract the current evaluation criteria for KOICA and ADB and to find what the CAS evaluation criteria consist of. By using Factor Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, this study analyzes how the evaluation criteria of the two institutions are classified and what the relationship of the evaluation criteria are composed of. As a result of the Independent T-Test analysis, the difference between KOICA and ADB evaluation criteria has found that ADB is considering the criteria of 'Impact' and 'Managing for Results' better than KOICA. Through this study, I can suggest that international evaluation criteria have to be applied not unilaterally but multi-laterally, that the concept of evaluation criteria has to be cleared, and that the evaluation criteria are suggested according to what objects need to be assessed. Also I suggest that the CAS evaluation manual is needed included with the necessary items of evaluation to enable a more systematic and reliable evaluation.

This article examines the impact of Cyber Education training on Learning and Transfers Performance by analyzing perceptions of 290 Seoul City Civil Servant in Korea. An analytical model is drawn from an extensive review of literature on Cyber Education training on Learning and Transfers Performance from which ten independent variables are identified as antecedents of Cyber Education training that affect Learning and Transfers performance. The results well as follows. Fist, The indicate that Nine independent variables trainee characteristics (self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, learning motive, career planning), training design (usefulness of educational contents, interaction of instructor-trainee's), work environment (support for supervisor, peer's support, co-work and the Organization) are perceived to have a positive influence on employees' learning Performance. Second, The indicate that eight independent variables trainee characteristics (self-regulated learning, learning motive, career planning), training design(usefulness of educational contents, interaction of instructor- trainee's), work environment (support for supervisor, peer's support, co-work and the organization) are perceived to have a positive influence on employees' transfer performance, which, in turn, improved transfers performance. These results imply that learning and transfer performance may be dependent on the effective use of Education training.

The purpose of this study was to make an empirical analysis about which type of disaster control system (fully-integrated, partly-integrated and distributed type) managed by local and municipal self-governing bodies could be more efficient among others. And this study sought to make a further analysis about potential factors on the efficiency of disaster control system according to each step of disaster control. As a result, it was found that partly-integrated type and fully-integrated type were more efficient in operating disaster control system managed by local and municipal self-governing bodies than distributed type. And it was found that partly-integrated type was most efficient among others only in countermeasure step as a part of disaster control process, but it was found that there was not so much significant difference in the efficiency among those 3 types of disaster control system in prevention and restoration step on a statistical basis. Apart from the types of disaster control system, it was found that there were other major influential factors on the phased efficiency of disaster control system, such as area, government subsidies, human resources, number of business entities, andopening of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), although there were more or less differences in potential effects of those factors on the phased efficiency of disaster control system.