A Study on Christianity in Indonesia since 1942: Focused on Protestants and Pentecostals

Chung Seung Hyun; LEE SEUNG HYUN

Muslim-Christian Encounter

Abbr : MCE
2020, 13(2), pp.53-90
Publisher : Torch Trinity Center for Islamic Studies
Research Area : Mission Theology

Chung Seung Hyun ¹, LEE SEUNG HYUN ²

¹주안대학원대학교
²주안대학원대학교

ABSTRACT

In this article, I would like to consider how Protestants was formed in Indonesia after the Japanese occupation in 1942, how it has grown after the independence, and through what process the Islamic conflict has intensified. In addition, I would like to examine the Pentecostal movement, which is vitalizing the growth of Christianity in Indonesia. Japan's occupation of Indonesia was only three years, but Indonesian Protestant leadership was transferred to the locals and foreign missionaries who had played an absolute role began to be pushed around. And the Protestant Indonesian ethnic group began to respond to the request of a new era of church unity. Christianity was able to reveal the colors of Christianity in a situation where, after independence, various races had to be embraced, where religion had not yet been fully established, and even in areas where certain religions existed. In addition, the Indonesian government ordered all citizens to choose one of the six religions and list their religion in their IDs in order to break the communist bonds. So, after 1945, there was a massive conversion from Indonesia to Christianity. However, this trend of growth marks a new phase in the time of President Suharto. By decree No. 70, since 1978, officials from Indonesia have been unable to missionary to Muslims and other religious groups. Muslims continued to increase the Christian population due to illegal missionary activity that violated the law, and the constant conversion to Christianity was accepted as a threat to the Muslim community. The reason for paying attention to the Pentecostal Church is that the Pentecostal movement plays an important role in growing Christianity in a serious conflict with Islam through the old and new order. After President Soekarno's resignation, Western evangelicals and Pentecostals focused on reviving Christianity in Indonesia. Consequently, the Pentecostal Church in Indonesia has grown the third since the main Protestant denominations and Roman Catholics since 1970.
KEYWORDS

Old Order, New Order, Pancasila, Decree No. 70, Pentecostal Movement
REFERENCES (46)

[journal] 김형준 / 2013 / Islamic Resurgence and Its Influences in Indonesia / 동남아시아연구 / 한국동남아학회 23(3) : 181~215 / 10.21652/kaseas.23.3.201310.181

[journal] 김형준 / 2009 / Islamic Radicalism in Indonesia: Historical Development, Ideology and Praxis / 동남아시아연구 / 한국동남아학회 19(2) : 57~91 / 10.21652/kaseas.19.2.200906.57

[journal] 김형준 / 2001 / 인도네시아의 무슬림-기독교도 관계의 변화: 말루꾸 사건에 대한 해석을 중심으로 / 동남아시아연구 11 : 29~51

[journal] 김형준 / 1997 / 종교 자유에 대한 변화하는 해석: 인도네시아의 사례 / 동남아시아연구 5 : 3~23

[journal] 박금희 / 2005 / Causes of Christian-Muslim Religious Conflicts in Indonesia: Focus on Poso in Central Sulawesi and Maluku Archipelago / 동남아시아연구 / 한국동남아학회 15(1) : 131~171

[journal] 서지원 / 2018 / Indonesia 2017: Return of Pancasila on the Eve of the Presidential Election / 동남아시아연구 / 한국동남아학회 28(2) : 147~197 / 10.21652/kaseas.28.2.201805.147

[journal] 송승원 / 2012 / Revisiting the Islamic Policies during the New Order and Post-New Order Eras in Indonesia / 동남아연구 / 동남아연구소 22(2) : 103~140 / 10.21485/hufsea.2012.22.2.004

[journal] 오명석 / 2015 / Southeast Asian Islam and Global Islamic Network / 동남아시아연구 / 한국동남아학회 25(2) : 63~125 / 10.21652/kaseas.25.2.201505.63

[book] Anderson, Allan Heaton / 2014 / An introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity / Cambridge University Press

[book] Aritonang, Jan Sihar / 2008 / A History of Christianity in Indonesia / Brill

[book] Austin, Denise A. / 2019 / Asia Pacific Pentecostalism / Brill

[book] Burgess, Stanley M / 2010 / The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements / Zondervan

[book] Duncan, Christopher / 2013 / Violence and Vengeance: Religious Conflict and Its Aftermath in Eastern Indonesia / Cornell University Press

[book] Erb, Maribeth / 2018 / The Mission of Development: Religion and Techno-politics in Asia / Brill : 82~106

[journal] Gudorf, Christine E. / 2012 / Religion, Law, and Pentecostalism in Indonesia / Pneuma 34 : 57~74

[journal] Hoon, Chang-Yau / 2016 / Mapping Chineseness on the landscape of Christian Churches in Indonesia / Asian Ethnicity 17 : 228~247

[book] Irianto, Sulistyowati / 2020 / Christianity in East and Southeast Asia / Edinburgh University Press : 200~211

[book] Kim, Sebastian C. H / 2008 / Christian Theology in Asia / Cambridge University Press

[book] Krabill, James R. / 2005 / Anabaptists Meeting Muslims: A Calling for Presence in the Way of Christ / Herald Press

[book] Kraemer, Hendrik / 1958 / From Missionfield to Independent Church / Boekencentrum

[book] Krisetya, Mesach / 2005 / Anabaptists Meeting Muslims: A Calling for Presence in the Way of Christ / Herald Press : 122~127

[book] Küster, Volker / 2014 / Muslim Christian Relations Observed: Comparative Studies from Indonesia and the Netherlands / Evangelische Verlagsanstalt

[book] Lengkong, Johanes Louis M / 2014 / Aspiration for Modernity and Prosperity: Symbols and Sources Behind Pentecostals/Charismatic Growth in Indonesia / ATF Theology : 15~38

[book] McRae, Dave / 2013 / A Few Poorly Organized Men: Interreligious Violence in Poso / Brill

[book] Mujiburrahman / 2006 / Feeling Threatened: Muslim-Christian Relations in Indonesia’s New Order / Amsterdam University Press

[journal] Mujiburrahman / 2001 / Religious Conversion in Indonesia: The Karo Batak and the Tengger Javanese / Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 12 : 23~38

[book] Phan, Peter / 2011 / Christianities in Asia / Blackwell

[book] Prior, John / 2011 / Christianities in Asia / Blackwell : 61~76

[journal] Prior, John / 2007 / The Challenge of the Pentecostals in Asia Part One: Pentecostal Movements in Asia / Exchange 36 : 6~40

[book] Reed, David A / 2012 / Global Pentecostal Movements: Migration, Mission, and Public Religion / Bril : 93~115

[book] Ross, Kenneth R. / 2020 / Christianity in East and Southeast Asia / Edinburgh University Press

[book] Rui, Noëmi / 2018 / The Mission of Development: Religion and Techno-politics in Asia / Brill : 107~134

[book] Scheer, Catherine / 2018 / The Mission of Development: Religion and Techno-politics in Asia / Brill

[book] Schrauwers, Albert / 2000 / Colonial ‘Reformation’ in the Highlands of Central Sulawesi Indonesia, 1892-1995 / University of Toronto Press

[book] Stanley, Brian / 2018 / Christianity in the Twentieth Century / Princeton University Press

[book] Titaley, John A / 2008 / Christian Theology in Asia / Cambridge University Press : 71~88

[book] Wilkinson, Michael / 2012 / Global Pentecostal Movements: Migration, Mission, and Public Religion / Bril

[book] Winoyo, Gani / 2019 / Asia Pacific Pentecostalism / Brill : 243~270

[book] Yoder, Lawrence M / 2005 / Anabaptists Meeting Muslims: A Calling for Presence in the Way of Christ / Herald Press : 167~173

[web] Beech, Hannah / 2010 / Christianity‘s Surge in Indonesia / Time / content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1982223,00.html

[web] / www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Religions / www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Religions

[web] / www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/indonesia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 / www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/indonesia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016

[web] / www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/indonesia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 / www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/indonesia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016

[web] / www.worldometers.info/world-population/indonesia-population/ / www.worldometers.info/world-population/indonesia-population/

[web] / www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-46956445 / www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-46956445

[web] / regional.kompas.com/read/2018/08/23/15053451/kronologi-kasus-meiliana-yang-dipenjara-karena-keluhkan-pengeras-suara-azan / regional.kompas.com/read/2018/08/23/15053451/kronologi-kasus-meiliana-yang-dipenjara-karena-keluhkan-pengeras-suara-azan
KCI Citation (1)

KJC Korea
Journal Central

Statistics

Tools