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Im, Chil-Seong. 2004. A Study on the Relationship Level of a Korean Discourses. Korean Semantics, 15. I study some characteristics of relationship level in Korean discourses in this paper. I defined the characteristics of relationship level, first. That is been classified by three; positive level, objective level and negative level. That changes gradually. There are sometimes relationship disagreements by communitive participants. That is represented in a indirect way. And, That has culturally meaning.I study some usage patterns of Korean discourses on the relationship level. I divided the patterns by two parts; language part and context part. In language part, I study some elements those represent relationship level on phonetic situation, vocabulary situation, and sentence situation. In vocabulary situation, I focus the usage the word, ‘we’ and ‘our’.In context part, I study some speakers strategies those express relationship between a speaker and an audience.

Lee, Chan-Kyu. 2004. System-based Approach to the Analysis of Meaning of Utterances. Korean Semantics, 15. The objective of this paper is to confirm the possibility of applying the System Theory and the Fuzzy Theory when analyzing the meanings of utterances in different levels of communication.Analysis of language meanings may be undertaken in various levels. While the analysis of meaning on pragmatic level enhances the accuracy of the analysis by presenting a framework of contextual situation, the analysis using the system improves the accuracy in interpreting the meaning since all elements of communication are considered as variables in analyzing the meaning. The systematic approach allows a much more sound and appropriate meaning analysis compared to the analysis simply based on the current contextual situation since the systematic approach coverage ranges from social and cultural contexts under which communication takes place to the meanings created between communicators or past communications. However, the participants in the communication process do not communicate by recognizing each of the system components, but they use part of the tools selectively in a fuzzy method. The main topics of this study are as follows; 1) The meaning of language consists of fuzzy characteristics from the communication point of view. 2) Communication process is influenced by the system. 3) Those that participate in the communication process select a set of fuzzy elements based on the intuition or random reasoning, which evolved within the system.

Chang Kyung-Hee, 2004, Types and Functions of Korean Referring Expressions. Korean Semantics, 15. This study is an attempt to classify referring expressions in Korean and to scrutinize their referential functions. First, referring expressions in Korean may be classified into three major categories: proper nouns, demonstratives, and common noun expressions comprising definite descriptions. Common noun expressions may be further classified based on the definiteness of their pre-head modifiers. Secondly, the Korean referring expressions typically refer to the properties, types, and locations of entities. Based on this fact, we sub-classified proper nouns, demonstratives, and common noun expressions into entity type referring expressions, entity property referring expressions, and entity location referring expressions. These three types of referring expressions may be characterized by means of their referential independence, referential accuracy, the size of their referents, the locational scope of reference, and the easiness of the referential act. Another perspective on the referring expressions, lastly, is the ways to strengthen their “referential capability”. In this perspective, definite descriptions are a strengthened form of common noun expressions.

Jeon, Hye-Young. 2004. On the Meaning of Polite Expressions in Korean. Korean Semantics, 15. This article deals with polite expressions which is an important subject in Korean pragmatics. With linguistic politeness in Korean discourse being very important, required as social courtesy in Korean society, I take a point of view that politeness is a pragmatic and universal phenomenon. In Chapter 2, I discuss about various linguistic devices to express politeness in Korean, appearing throughout discourse, not only lexical but syntactic and pragmatic as well. In Chapter 3, I explore the semantic basis of polite expression, the fixation of polite expression and the degree of politeness in a polite expression. The semantic basis of polite expression is as follows: Words such as ‘yeansae’, ‘seongham’, ‘toragasida’; the expressions for relieving the burdens of hearer as ‘jom’, ‘yakkan’; endings with [+respect] of honorific expression as ‘-sipsiyo, -saeyo, -o, -gae’, all of the above convey the meaning of politeness. Other expressions such as ‘-neundae(yo)’ of [explanation of situation], ‘-nae(yo)’ of [present perception], used in order to show the speaker’s intention, could be considered to be polite expressions as well. When the basic meaning of the expression is far from politeness like [condition], the more polite one among various expressions could be chosen. I argue that polite expression is not a fixed entity because the same expressions could be consider polite or impolite depending on discourse situations. And I propose there exist varying degrees of politeness in polite expressions and they differ according to various factors such as imposition, power, solidarity, form of discourse, sex distinction, generation etc.

Lee, Eun-Hee. 2004. Communicative Structure and Linguistic Features of Internet Advertisement. Korean Semantics, 15. Although Internet is a newly emergent medium with the development of information and communication technology, it has become one of the most influential advertising media due to its rapid spread, This study examines the linguistic features of Internet advertisement, focusing on what effects Internet as a communication means has on linguistic expressions. To do so this study analyses the linguistic features of the main banner advertisements displayed in the first screen of the five representative portal sites of daum, naver, nate, empas, and yahoo, which were collected for 30 days from March 8, 2004 to April 6, 2004.This study investigates the characteristics of communicative structure which are shown in those Internet advertisements. And based on the result, it explores the linguistic features in the respective aspect of text formation and language expression. The text formative characters the Internet advertisements contain are discussed in terms of both the practical use of fusion text advantages and the desirable pursuit of intertextuality. The linguistic characters are approached in the three aspects of interest-focused expression, gift-presented expression, explicit expression.

Yi, Yu-Mi. 2004. A Studying on Pragmatics for Communication Model. Korean Semantics, 15. This Research aims for making Communication Model and searching(surveying) constituents factors affected on it. It may divided by two different areas which are speaker’ side and hearer’ side in Communication Model and this research is going to search and focus on factors affect from hearer's side. There may assume that the successful communication means that the hearer get to understand exactly what the speaker intend to so will search how the speaker’s intention is delivered to the hearers with steps by correctness ratio in this report. Also will shows that the schema reflected to the hearer and discuss about the schema acts on the relationships between speaker, hearer and society in this report. The reason why this report is going to research for factors affect from hearer’s side in communication model is that it may help to understand to know about the way of behaviors for speaker’s view with this research.

Kim, Sun-Ja & Kim, Myung-Hee. 2004. A Survey of MiddleHigh School Students’ Communication. Korean Semantics, 15. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, differences among groups were observed in the pattern of listening and the pattern of topic introduction in friendship conversation, but no developmental change was observed. The female student group, the group of extrovert students and the group of students who replied that they had many friends used interactive communication. In addition, major factors causing problems in establishing interpersonal relations were passive communication and attitude. Second, differences were observed in presentation among groups by school year but no developmental change was observed. In addition, differences were observed among groups by gender, character and communication experience. In presentation by those who replied that they feel fear when giving presentation and those who replied that they speak other than what they think, audience showed a low level of listening. Factors causing problems were interest, audience’s attitude, voice, etc. Third, with regard to discussion debate, the high school student group, the male student group and the group of students who replied that they have discussion debate everyday tended to raise objections while other students were speaking and to get off the subject. According to character, difference was observed in the pattern of raising objections but not in the degree of getting off the subject. The group of students who replied that they raise objections in their turn of speaking and the group of students who replied that they rarely get off the subject tended to experience less problems, and communication problems with friends in group activities appeared to come mostly from the disagreement of opinions.

Kim, Kwang-Hee. 2004. Discourse Marker ‘in-ja’ in Korean : Aspects of Information-Induction and Cohesion. Korean Semantics, 15. In this paper I will outline a information-inductional function and textual analysis of cohesion through the discourse marker ‘in-ja’ in the korean language. Cohesion can be defined as the set of resources for constructing relations in discourse which transcend grammatical structure(Halliday 1994:309). And it’s one aspect of the study of texture. For the question about the status and function of ‘in-ja’, which is one of the discourse marker in Jeonnam dialect in Korean, we will analyse oral narratives and extract the discourse marker ‘in-ja’ in there. The result of this process is that discourse marker ‘in-ja’ serves the complex discourse function : as information induction, information switching, and information addition. Finally the cohesion relation in text would be constructed from these functions.

Shin, Hee-Sam. 2004. Lexical Meaning of Internet Communication Language. Korean Semantics, 15. Internet communication language(ICL) is a kind of new coinage. In other words, it is a vocabulary that reflects the age of speed where everything gets speedy.The process of birth, growth, and extinction of ICL is similar to that of common vocabularies.The most prominent characteristic of ICL is the phenomenon of omission. It is the result of reflection of netizens’s sense of speed on language. The transformation of meanings is another characteristic of ICL. It comes from netizens' freshness and lack of patience. And the symbolization of language is also a significant phenomenon. It reflects well the tendency of netizens who accept everything within the pattern of sense.We should treat ICL not with rigid linguistic viewpoints, but with the generosity which regards ICL as a witty verbal play of netizens. We should also do our best to provide netizens with correct information on our language, Korean. That will make the wit and sense of ICL a tonic for language life, and an affirmative factor in the development of our language.

Im, Yoo-Jong & Lee, Phil-Young. 2004. On the use of the Adverbs Co-occurred with the Negative Expressions and the Development of Linguistic Competence. Korean Semantics, 15. The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of linguistic competence through the use of the adverbs co-occurred with the negative expressions. It is necessary for some adverbs to co-occur with the negative expression in Korean. Of the 34 adverbs in spoken language corpus, only 16 adverbs are founded(ex 전혀, 절대로, 별로, 차마 etc). Adverbs such as ‘별로, 절대로’ are appeared in early ages and the most frequently. Adverb such as ‘차마’ is appeared very later. Otherwise these adverbs have different combination constraints with the negative expressions. We will analyze the combination constraints of the adverb and the negative expression concretely, based on the spoken language corpus. We expect that the results of this study might be applied to the Korean Language Education for foreigners, the description of Korean dictionary, and NLP(natural language process) etc.

Cha, Joon-Kyung. 2004. Meaning Transfer of Korean Event Nouns. Korean Semantics, 15. This paper deals with Korean event nouns which can be interpreted as an entity type. We concern about meaning transfer that occurs from event type to entity type. Although many studies have been concerned with the lexical aspect of event nouns, they did not concern about event nouns can be used to refer to entity type. We focus on the usage of event nouns which can be interpreted as an entity type. We investigate and classify them as agent event, result event, theme event, instrument event, time and place event. These are participants of event structure, which can be highlight in a context based on the semantic property of event nouns. Contextual meaning of the entity type is related to the event structure. The possible contextual meaning is undespecified in the lexical semantic structure and the specific contextual meaning could be realized by contextual effect combining with adjectives and verbs. Multiple meaning of event nouns are closely related to each other, even though they are different semantic types. These meanings can be underspecified in the lexical semantic structure.

Choe, Jae-Woong. 2004. Korean Honorific Particle ‘-si’ and Inanimacy. Korean Semantics, 15. Park Lyang-kyu(1975) proposed a hypothesis that an honorific noun in Korean becomes [-animate], and the ungrammatical result can subsequently be salvaged by another “grammatical process” that turns the predicate into one that can ‘agree’ with the now inanimate honorific subject. His argument is mainly based on certain similarity in surface distribution between honorific terms and inanimate nouns. The purpose of this paper is to argue that his observation and generalization cannot stand as they are since they are based on a very limited set of data, which can be falsified when a more comprehensive set of data is considered. It is claimed that the inanimacy hypothesis for the subject honorification yet needs further argumentation to be accepted as a viable one.

Yi, Hong-Shik. 2004. On the Meaning of the Particle ‘eul’. Korean Semantics, 15. This paper aims to describe the meaning of the particle ‘eul’. They say that the particle ‘eul’ is a accusative case marker. But ‘eul’ cannot be a case marker, because it can occur at phrases without accusative case, and accusative case can be allotted to nouns without ‘eul’. It can also occur at several adjunctive phrases. This means that it cannot be a case marker. The meaning of ‘eul’ is to represent the patienthood. The particle ‘eul’ has other meanings which are related to the patienthood. They are completeness and patienthood given from the speaker’s viewpoint. ‘eul’ cannot occur with particles ‘neun, do’ because they have same properties; they belong to the speaker-oriented category.

Yang, Myung-Hee. 2004. On the Errors of High Level Japanese Learners of Korean. Korean Semantics, 15. The porpose of this paper is to investigate the errors high level Japanese learners of Korean make when they have a test. To do this we classify the errors into four classes(orthographical, morphological, lexical, and grammatical) according to linguistics classes. We try to explain the errors in terms of interlingual transfer and intralingual transfer. We conclude that in othographical and lexical areas errors can be explained in terms of interlingual transfer more than intralingual transfer, and in morphological and grammatical areas the errors can be explained in terms of intralingual transfer more than interlingual transfer. Finally after consulting some Korean textbook explanation of ‘-nim(님)’ and ‘malda(말다)’, we learn that the explanation is not satifactory. To avoid the errors caused by insufficient textbooks the textbooks need to be updated and contain a satisfactory and sufficient explanation.