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The Specificity of the Conceptual Metaphors – Focusing on the Analysis of Korean ‘Sa-Lang(LOVE)’ in late 19th and early 20th centuries corpus. Korean Semantics, 57. In this study, we analyzed the conceptual metaphor of 'LOVE' in the corpus of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and confirmed the specificity of the conceptual metaphor. In this period, 'LOVE' shows much lower use of metaphors than non-metaphors. In addition, the frequency and type of metaphor used vary from genre to genre. In particular, there are the difference of conceptual metaphor between the Christian literature and Old novel. The metaphorical types which are seen as the same in all respects are also different in detail, and through these examples, we can confirm that the conceptual metaphor is made through cultural specificity.

Korean Semantic, 57. The aim of this paper is to investigate the grammaticalization of final endings ‘-eungeol’ and ‘-eulgeol’. Final endings ‘-eungeol’ and ‘-eulgeol’ have been changed from ‘-eun geoseul’ and ‘-eul geoseul’, which are NPs combined with ‘-eul’(accusative marker) modified by complement adnominal clause ‘-eun’ and ‘-eul’. These constructions, namely ‘-eun geoseul’ and ‘-eul geoseul’ have been used as an object of transitive verb since the 15th century. However these constructions began to be used as topicalized component in the 16th century, and then was changed to connective endings and terminal endings. Usages of ‘-eun geoseul’ and ‘-eul geoseul’ as connective endings and terminal endings were rarely found in the 16th century, and more after 17th century. Examples of ‘-eun geoseul’ and ‘-eul geoseul’ as connective endings and terminal endings were mostly found in the colloquial materials, and this tendency was assumed to affect the colloquial characteristics of ‘-eungeol’ and ‘-eulgeol’.

Korean Semantic, 57. In this paper, I establish a new type of modal disjunction system in Korean. Thus far, (i)na has been considered as a typical modal disjunctive particle. Introducing inka as a new type of modal disjunctive particle, I propose that the class of Koran modal disjunctive particles is not homogeneous, and there should be fine-grained distinction system. Considering that (lack of) epistemic knowledge of the speaker is one of the possible dimensions of variation within the class of modal disjunction, my proposal on the use of inka is identified as an irrealis marker (Mauri 2008) which specifies alternative disjuncts with irrealis value. I further show that the epistemic constraint of inka on the irrealis value is characterized as a condition of minimal variation and uncertainty of anti-specific disjunction in the sense of Giannakidou and Quer (2013).

Korean Semantic, 57. Vocabulary can have multiple meanings. In general, the meanings of polyseme- a word that has several meanings- are closely related to each other. In a particular case, however, a polysemous word or phrase has completely opposite meanings. As a follow-up study of Choi (2015), the current study aims to classify and analyze polysemous words and phrases that include contradictory meanings with a focus on their distinctiveness. Based on the cause of contradictoriness, polysemous words and phrases with conflicting definitions were classified into five different categories which are ‘contradictory homonyms’, ‘morphologic polysemes with contradictory definitions’, ‘semantic polysemes with contradictory definitions’, ‘syntactic phrases with contradictory definitions’, and‘syntactic and semantic phrases with contradictory definitions.’ Furthermore, several examples are discussed in this study to enhance understanding. For instance, the examples of contradictory homonyms include‘심심하다[simsimhada]’, ‘일절[iljeol]’ and some Chinese characters that have same sound but opposite meanings. The examples of morphologic polysemes with contradictory definitions are ‘등[deung]’,‘값없다[gabeoptta]’,‘세내다[senaeda]’, ‘N조심 [N+josim]’, ‘웃프다[upeuda]’and ‘착쁘다[chakppeuda].’Also, the examples of semantic polysemes with contradictory definitions are ‘안절부절하다 [anjeolbujeolhada]’, ‘우연찮다[uyeonchanta]’, ‘어줍잖다[eojupjanta]’, and‘꼴같다[kkolgatta].’ With a list of classified words and phrases, the researcher conducted a survey and integrated Korean linguistic analysis to explain polysemous words or phrases with contradictory definitions and finally chose a representative definition between two conflicting ones.

This study examined the effect of vocabulary gloss on vocabulary acquisition and memory when intermediate level Chinese learners studied different form-same definition characters. The study employed 30 learners and divided them into three groups like as the corresponding Chinese vocabulary gloss(C group), the Korean definition and example gloss(K group), and no gloss(N group). Each group studied 10 different form-same definition characters and had tests. The major findings are that (i) C group showed significantly higher scores than K groups in two post-tests. indicating that Chinese vocabulary gloss gave positive effect on the study and memory of different form-same definition characters, (ii) however, K group showed the smallest gap between the two post-test scores, indicating that Korean gloss could help to maintain once acquired Sino-Korean vocabulary knowledge.

At first glance, both ‘-n/neundalgga’ and ‘-(i)ralgga’ appear to be a type of indirect quotations; however, not all forms of ‘-n/neundalgga’ and ‘-(i)ralgga’ belong to the indirect quotation type. Some belong to indirect quotation type while others have the characteristics that differ from those of indirect quotations. In this vein, the goal of this study is to examine how ‘-n/neundalgga’ and ‘-(i)ralgga’ that belong to the indirect quotation type differ from ‘-n/neundalgga’ and ‘-(i)ralgga’ that cannot be seen as indirect quotations; and to investigate how to treat these two types differently in terms of grammar. Before proceeding to the main discussion, Chapter 2 examines ‘-n/neundago halgga’ and ‘(i)rago halgga’ that belong to the indirect quotation type, in terms of the semantic components as well as the morphological and syntactic characteristics. Chapter 3 examines the morphological, syntactic, and semantic characteristics of ‘-n/neundalgga’ and ‘-(i)ralgga’, which are the blended forms of ‘-n/neundago halgga’ and ‘(i)rago halgga’. Chapter 4 shows why ‘-n/neundalgga’ and ‘-(i)ralgga’ that belong to the indirect quotation structure should be distinguished from those that are word endings. These two forms are classified as follows: ‘reduced form before the blending’, ‘response to an interrogative pronoun’, and ‘substitution by a generic verb’. Chapter 5 summarizes the discussion and presents tasks for future studies.

This paper investigates the reasons why Korean adjectives prefer the long-form negation to the short one. The investigation suggests: 1) Adjectives go well with degree adverbs. When negated, a degree adverb causes semantic ambiguity. There is context where long-form negation should be adopted to include the degree adverb in question under the negation scope. 2) Usually an adjective expresses the speaker’s subjective assess on someone or something, and subjective assess always implies conflicts with others’ evaluation. As the speaker’s intention of negation tends to be less clear and gentle in long-form negation, generally Korean speakers prefer using long-form negation to using short-form negation with adjectives. 3) In many cases an adjective has its counterpart, an antonym on the semantic scale, and it is posited that they are located on the ends of this scale; one on an end and the other on the other end. If one desires to point between the two extremes, s/he should negate both of them. Here the speaker uses long-form negation with the enclitic(bojosa) do. 4) Of adjectives, there are a few with an antonym without scalar, a pair of complementary opposite. When one of the pair negated in short form, the derived meaning is identical to the antonym’s. That’s why the existence of complementary opposites blocks the use of short-form negation in adjectives. On the other hand when it comes to long-form negation, its wider scope and hedging the intention of negation excludes the possibility of blocking.

The original speaker of ‘V-eo jusipsa ha-’ construction as the usage of request speech act is identical with quotative speaker. And the original hearer is identical with quotative agent. Syntactic feature of ‘V-eo jusipsa ha-’ construction as the usage of request speech act : (ⅰ) Subject is not realized, (ⅱ) quotative verb ‘ha(da)’ functions as placeholder, and thus quotative marker is unrealized, (ⅲ) an adverval can not be inserted between ‘ha(da)’ and the preceding passage. As a result, ‘V-eo jusipsa ha-’ construction is fixed. After the conjunction of the auxiliary verb ‘Ju(da)’, the form of ‘V-eo jusipsa’ is used at a higher frequency than ‘V-sipsa’. The auxiliary verb ‘Ju(da) adds a theme and the subject of the request is the speaker and the same as the beneficiary. The quotative construction converts sentence types. Auxiliary verb ‘ju(da)’ changes the speaker's semantic role.