KJC Korea
Journal Central

This study aims to analyze metaphorical linguistic expression based on the conceptual metaphor theory on how this event is conceptualized in newspaper articles. This study was concerned with the newspaper articles on Yemeni refugees in Jeju Island, which have recently become an issue in Korean society. As a result, this study could find out that even the newspaper articles mainly aiming at objectivity and impartial reporting were often using metaphorical expressions. Prior to an examination of the concrete metaphorical expressions, this study classified the views of refugees in Korean society. A negative view of refugees, looking at them as mostly undesirable objects was noticeable. The metaphors mainly used in this context were ontological metaphors conceptualizing physical objects, including human physical experiences into the source domain and mapping them into the target domain. In the realized conceptual metaphors, the metaphor, [A country is people] appeared frequently as a sub-type of [The state is an organism]. In addition, the metaphors, [Refugees are fluid in a container], [Anger is a hot fluid in a container] and [Security is a blockade] could also be observed. Through this, refugees are considered beings that have negative impacts on the country and people, causing problems in the country and being difficult to control, while the state noticeably takes an exclusive attitude towards refugees by marking national boundaries to restrict their entry.

The language used in the communication process is very diverse, depending on the context and the state of the speaker's mentality. The deeper layer of language has so far been studied under the name ‘Modality’. However, not only is ‘Modality’ a concept that did not take into account the discourse, but it is also limited in that precedent research targeted only a few grammars and vocabularies. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a new perspective that allows one to broadly reveal the depth of language while considering discourse. In this study, ‘Stance’ was presented from a new perspective and defined as ‘One community sharing a social and cultural background uses language as a tool for interaction, affecting the choice of language formats that best reveal the speaker's intentions.’ In order to establish the concept, discussion on the use of language, discussion of Stance, and media discourse were reviewed. The Stance is meaningful in that it is a concept that takes into account the social and interactive aspects of language use.

This paper investigates the transitivity of the accusative marker ‘ul’ when it is used as an adjunct particle in intransitive sentences. We can find as similar example at the English sentence, for example, ‘a mile’ in ‘John ran a mile.’ This can be regarded as an object in the sentence because ‘a mile’ can combine with the verb directly. However, the verb ‘run’ is an intransitive verb so that does not need any object in the sentence. On transitivity, it is related whether the sentence combined with the preposition or not of English. This is related whether the sentence combined with the accusative marker ‘ul’ or not in Korean. If the locative marker alternates with the accusative marker, this is close to the transitive sentence and the meaning would be changed from the locative to the object by a metaphoric extension. The status of the adding accusative marker ‘ul’ between locative phrases and the measure phrases is different. While the former can be close to an intransitive verb, the latter can be close to a transitive verb. However, the tests on transitivity are not straightforward, this is a matter of degree. Some verbs are more of transitive verbs and other verbs are more of intransitive verbs. So, in this case ‘a mile’ in ‘John ran a mile’ is delimiting the extent of John’s running and making the clause telic, and then close to the transitive verb.

Although recently phraseology has become well known and widely studied in various languages, its scope still remains at the lexical-syntactic level. The very term phraseology seems to imply that this phenomenon is restricted to phrases only. Consequently, morphological compounds or derivatives are usually excluded from the scope of phraseological studies. Phrasemes, however, are not necessarily phrases (syntactically connected wordforms). Korean, in particular, have many compounds or derivatives that have to be analyzed and modeled as phrasemes. Like their phrasal counterparts, some Korean compounds or derivatives are paradigmatically restricted. We term these ‘morphological phrasemes.’ In this study, we first postulate ‘complex expressions’ and ‘paradigmatical restrictedness’ as definitional properties of phrasemes. Additionally, we distinguish compositional phrasemes (such as collocations and cliché) and non-compositional phrasemes (such as idioms). To show the phraseologisation at the wordform level, we apply the same criteria of phraseologisation, restrictedness and (non-) compositionality to Korean nominal compounds. According to these criteria, we classify three types of compounds (free compounds, semi-phraseologized compounds and phraseologized compounds) and propose a lexicographic modeling of Korean nominal compounds.

This study examined the motivations for the grammaticalization of the cliticized semi-conjunctions of [degree] of the nouns/bound nouns, “Jigyunguro,” “Jungdoro,” and “Mankeum,” all of which combine adnominal verb endings and adverbial particles. Although the cliticized semi-conjunctions “-Ul Jigyunguro,” “–Ul Jungdoro,” and “-Ul Mankeum” are from different etymologies, they have several common meaning and structure characteristics. First, they share an original meaning ([ending/arrival point]), and when the “process to the ending point” is focused on, they produce a [degree]/[over-the-top degree] meaning. Second, in cliticized [degree] semi-conjunction structures, these bound nouns combine with the adnominal verb ending “-Ul” only. In such instances, “-Ul” loses its original function of “tense/aspect”; therefore, “at/ut,” which indicates the “tense/aspect” can precede “-Ul”. Third, “Jigyunguro” and “Jungdoro,” both, take the particle “Ro,” which indicates direction. Finally, “-Ul Jigyunguro,” “–Ul Jungdoro,” and “-Ul Mankeum” all take a periphrastic grammatical form. In other words, people realize and reanalyze the parallel word sequence as an expression, which means that the conjunctions of [degree] “-Ge” and “-Dorok” can be substituted for “-Ul Jigyunguro,” “–Ul Jungdoro,” and “-Ul Mankeum.”