KJC Korea
Journal Central

A fair society is the society that fair assessment is achieved in all fields. That is, the ‘Fair Society’ settles the difficulties and difference through opportunity equality to all people and citizen welfare, and secures the pioneer nation's competitive power as the democratization ethical and practical infra. For the realization of a fair society, the national sympathy formation is needed. In other words, it should be the society that the value's variety is recognized, moral ideal is respected and the values should be competed in fairness. Therefore, it is important to establish constitutionalism including extermination of lawbreaking, injustice, shortcut and evasion of the law, polarization and social conflict settlement, and respect of law and procedure. The ‘Fairness’ idea prescribed in the existing law, secures the fairness by what is fair and not fair, and prohibit or avoid some behavior. That is, it sets down the election in the constitution and the vote's fair supervision, public service worker's kindness and fair duty in the National Public Service Worker's Law and unfairness trade action prohibition in the Monopoly Control and Fair Trading Law. In the constitution court, it says ‘fairness and independence is the constitutional requirement’ and makes clear that the fairness of law is the government's constitution principle. Especially, fairness can be said to have the meaning of legitimacy in the constitution Provision 23 Paragraph 3 of Loss Compensation. The justifiable compensation principle comes under the target and idea that the loss compensation about the property right violation should be searched. Recently, the idea is raised that the loss compensation cannot reach the justifiable compensation principle for the compensation about the property rights, and ‘life compensation’ that recovers the inmate's life condition can carry through the justifiable compensation. For the general law of life compensation, it is prescribed in the Law of Purchase and Compensation of Land for Public Works. In the Land Compensation Law, it prescribes the life compensation (Indirect Compensation) - compensation for building, business loss and migration counterplan and settlement fund - besides the accommodation, use, purchase request of use land and compensation request of remaining land. However, in the life compensation, point at issues including migration counterplan insufficient, migration settlement fund, house transfer cost differentiation, residence building compensation, average living cost compensation, sales loss compensation, shutdown compensation and jobless compensation is still insufficient. Therefore, for the improvement plan for life compensation, the advance counterplan about residents and tenants, realization of the life settlement fund, realization of general price of migration complex, purchase compensation of actual residence building, realization of give up farming and removal cost, differentiation prohibition of resident, house tenant and store tenant, compensation for finance cost and immaterial properties besides sales loss, and expanding occupation settlement compensation for living support is needed. Also, compensation for mental pain having through life base loss through public works should be considered in the life compensation content. And, for the compensation procedure, a fair and reasonable compensation method is important considering inmates and compensating people. When there is a procedure error or illegal action of public service worker, the legal problem occurs to the compensation body and a concrete standard of compensation should be set. For double compensation or compensation exceeding the loss, the compensation scope should be adjusted through special examination.

A fair society has appeared as a new conversation topic since the President Myung-Park Lee declared a “fair society” in the August 15 congratulatory speech last year. One of the essential problems in the fair society discussion is the problem of real estates. In particular, the project of Bogeumjari Housing is one of the low-income bracket friendly policies of the current administration where the pros and cons manifestly have conflicted with each other due to the fairness disputes from the early stage of the project. This study addresses, from a legal scholar's perspective, relevant disputes relating to the project of Bogeumjari Housing in light of the fair society, which is the national task of the current government. In the first place, Chapter II examines the Constitution and the housing policies, and Chapter III considers the background information and structure of the system of Bogeumjari Housing. Chapter IV summarizes and provides suggestions for relevant disputes relating to the Bogeumjari Housing in view of the so-called “fair society.”The Bogeumjari Housing has been subject to disputes in the progress of project, including the housing supply methods, greenbelt damages, privatization of development gains/benefits. As of now, the government is placed at the point in time to take into consideration how the project of Bogeumjari Housing comes closer to preservation of pleasant residential living areas and the government's housing development policy obligation. Furthermore, certain solutions should be made to reconcile the aforementioned disputes in view of the fair society. The problem of Bogeumjari Housing is that it has caused the first sellers to privatize development profits that arise in fixing the sales prices cheaply. In order to solve this problem, the compulsory residence period and the resale period has increased, but it cannot become a fundamental measure to take. The government needs to find out solutions of reviving the resale conditioned housing policy by amending the Housing Act again, or of recapturing the development costs incurred as a result of the low sales prices for the Bogeumjari Housing by establishing the 「Special Act Relating to Resale Conditioned Housing」. To the extent that the Bogeumjari Housing constitutes houses constructed by removing development restriction zones, it should have public interests. It should be also considered that the resale conditioned housing has more public interests than the general sales housing.

In order to prevent the urban crowdedness, to develop the sustainable human shelters, and to enlighten the quality of life, the rational development density management has become a significant issue. Whenever problems of the housing shortage and the rent housing scarcity are occurred, the FAR, the representative means of land use regulation, is loosened, and repeatedly loosened. In the era of 'per capita income 30,000$' the supplier-oriented housing policy should be come to an end. Every apartment complex site should be constructed while expecting the urban feature as a residential cultural property toward 100 years. The direction shift from the urban shaping of quantitative supply system to the urban cultivation considered the quality of life should be needed. The purposes of this paper are heavy weight on the point that examines the relationship between the FAR application system and the development density management. Then the analytical methods are as follows. Firstly, the literature reviews of this kind of study are well investigated. Secondly, the case study of Anyang City is carried out through the application inquiry of the development density management. Thirdly, various surveys of the existing FAR system, the current status of district unit planning, and the present situation of reconstruction and rehabilitation are executed. Lastly, on the basis of whole these contents the proposed FAR application system and the strategy of the development density management are provided.

This study analyzes and reviews major contents of the governmental housing policy in the first half of 2011. The ultimate goal of governmental housing policy is housing welfare as a pleasant living space. The core element of housing welfare is stabilization and improved quality of living space. Housing issue now becomes a social issue ubiquitous in any country beyond an personal problem in living condition. In this respect, improvement of housing welfare becomes an issue that can be resolved by implementing national policy way beyond personal solution level. In implementing national housing policy, the rationales for governmental intervention includes the constitution and many other housing-related laws. Korea's constitution stipulates in Article 35, Item 3 that "The state should make an effort to ensure the public can live under pleasant housing condition through housing development policy and others.", and many related laws including the housing law regulate promotion and implementation of national housing policy as the obligations of the state and the local governments. Korean government announced national housing policies 4 times in the first half of 2011. The contents are as follows: 1) ‘measures to stabilize lease and rent market among price stabilization policy’ on January 13, 2011; 2) supplementary measures to stabilize lease and rent market , which aims to mitigate tenant's burden and boost the supply of rental house on February 11, 2011; 3) ‘measures to boost house trade’ on March 22, 2011; 4) ‘measures to facilitate soft landing of construction market and house supply’. As such, Korean government has announced many policies consecutively. The reasons for the government to develop such housing policies can be found in its effort to solve social issues including boosting economy, inhibiting speculation, stabilizing housing for the ordinary class and maintaining equity in distribution. This study is aimed to identify the legal grounds of such housing policies and propose the measures for housing stabilization and improvement of housing quality through the analysis and review of their contents.

The housing supply ratio, which refers to the ratio of housing units relative to the number of households, reached 110% as of 2008 in Korea. This can be interpreted as that the housing shortage problem has been much alleviated in an absolute sense. In recent years, the government has introduced new housing programs which revealed the government’s efforts to shift the housing policy goal from ‘mass production of housing units’ to ‘housing welfare’. In result, housing act was acted the minimum housing level in 2003. However, the current housing welfare program for low-income households shows inefficiency and problems, while the cost of low-income groups's housing expenses have been weighting since 2000. To solve this problem, governments encourage supplying rental apartments for them. House rental supplement is most common things to solve housing problem in an advanced country but there is neither earning rate nor assessment standards in our country. In spite of setting up various legal system, there is not a few the positive results that the actual benefit of policy come not for the low-income group. In conclusion, for justifying housing legal system, it have to revise to guarantee the social weak. Therefore, studies on house rental supplement are required to develop this systems as housing voucher. Hence this study try to suggest both proper house rental charge to encourage nongovernmental construction and house rental supplement, considering ability to pay and emphasizes the establishment of the housing welfare law.

Das Leitbild einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung hat für die Wasserwirtschaft eine herausragende Bedeutung. Nachhaltige Wasserwirtschaft verlangt also nicht nur einen umweltgerechten, ökonomischen und sozialverträglichen Umgang mit der Ressource “Wasser”, sondern schließt auch alle anderen Stoff- und Energieströme in die Betrachtungen ein. Eine nachhaltige Wasserwirtschaft bezeichnet vor allem die integrierte Bewirtschaftung aller Wasserkreisläufe, die auf langfristigen Schutz von Wasser als Lebensraum, Sicherung des Wassers in seinen verschiedenen Facetten als Ressource für die jetzige wie für die nachfolgenden Generationen und Erschließung von Optionen für eine dauerhaft naturverträgliche, wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklung abzielt. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, ist die rechtliche Systematisierung für nachhaltige Wasserwirtschaft notwendig. Die Form für Systematisierung soll m.E. die Kodifikation eines umfassenden Wasserwirtschaftsgesetzes sein. Darüber hinaus sind insbes. die folgenden Inhalte in einem künfigen Gesetz zu erfassen:- Die Grundidee der nachhaltigen Wasserwirtschaft - Die integrierte und flusseinzugsgebietsbezogene Bewirtschaftung aller Gewässer - Die Partizipation der Öffentlichkeit in der Bewirtschaftungsplanung - Die Vereinheitlichung der bisherigen Gesetze zur Wasserwirtschaft Die ökonomischen Aspekte für Wasserdienstleistungen sollen jedoch sorgfälig berücksichtigt werden.

A appraiser`s licensee is 3,060 people as of June, 2010. The annual appraisal business market(fee standard) scales including investigations into appraised value of land are more than approximately 556,100 million won in the end of 2009 standard. As for “this, is such a growth possible all the time?”I showed scenario planning and a trend toward growth at future possibility of the appraisal business in this study. First, descriptive research method was utilized in the study method of the theory study of the appraisal. Second, the grope technique of a correspondence strategy to be called scenario planning was utilized to make an analysis of a prospect in the appraisal business. The result of the scenario planning was three. ① One was a scenario of the forthcoming prosperity in winter to the next. ② If economy of Korea got over a crisis, it was the scenario which the appraisal business came to have a qualitative change toward. ③ It was the scenario that The deflation of Korean economy produces the great depression after all. In addition, I grasped that trend of the our future society change will be continuously a population decline, low economic growth, orders high, poverty of old person, high educational background, social polarization. For such society change, I think that I am hard to hope that a real estate economy same before becomes booming and the big growth of the real estate service industry including the appraisal business that is the same as the past in the future. Therefore, nine trends toward growth were shown in a base by such a scenario. The trend toward growth of the appraisal business is to provide service filled up to a appraisal client. It is to widen duties of the appraisal business using a business process outsourcing(BPO). It is to widen duties of the appraisal business using a internet and web base to get over a local limit. It is to widen duties of the appraisal business using an intangible property right in the trust society. It is to realize a globalization of appraisal business duties and to prepare the international standard of appraisal business in a countermeasure for inking an FTA with U.S. and EU. It is to widen duties of the appraisal business to export know-how of appraisal business. It is to maintain sound management of the appraisal business through professional training reinforcement and to strengthen the bond between appraisers, to make a sustained scenario planning. This trend toward growth is applied to all three scenarios derived through scenario planning analysis technique commonly. This trend toward growth may push forward management of the appraisal business.

Neben den klassischen Abgabeformen gibt es die Sonderabgaben. Nach Kirchhof bildet sie keine eigenständige Abgabeart, sondern ist Auffangtatbestand für alle Sonderlasten, die nicht typischen Abgabenkategorien passen. Nach Isensee ist der Begriff ‘Sonderabgabe’ eine Sammelbezeichnung für alle Abgabeformen des gegenwärtigen Interventions- und Umverteilungsstaates, die nicht zu den hergebrachten Abgabetypen gehören. Die Sonderabgabe ist nur zulässig, wenn und solange die zu finanzierende Aufgabe auf eine Sachverantwortung der belasteten Gruffe trifft. Mit Sonderabgaben darf der Staat in sich homogene Gruppen von Schuldnern belasten, die entweder für die Finanzierung einer besonderen Aufgabe eine besondere, deutlich erkennbare und objektiv vorgefundene Verantwortung tragen oder aus einem, in gleichem Maße objektiv vorgegebenen, Sachgrund finanziell besonders belastetet werden können. Das Korean Verfassungsgericht hat sich in einigen Entscheidungen mit den Sonderabgaben beschäftigt. Die vom KVerfG und in der Literatur entwickelten Kriterien Gruppenhomogenität, Sachnähe, Gruppenverantwortung and Gruppennützigkeit haben für die Legitimation von Sonderabgeben Bedeutung.

It was judged that seeking public interest and profit by establishing the partnership of government-private sectors was the best alternative to solve the recurring problems of maintenance project, so the participation of the government-private PFV in maintenance project was reviewed. The method of government-private PFV regarding maintenance project is different from the existing association method in that local governments participate as a business executor, not as a supervisor of the maintenance project, and promote public interest. Through this, the followings are expected. First, since local governments participate, providing funds is efficient. Second, separate expert manager or communal management system are not required. Since they could supplement non-professionalism of owners when local governments participate as the executor, the same system does not need to be applied. Third, the relevant local governments could secure the public interest of the business as a public sector, as well as, contributing to improving citizen’s quality of life by combining economic, social, and cultural support projects and maintenance project, considering the characteristics of the relevant region. Also, they can secure objectivity and transparency of the relevant business. Only, the discussion process between local governments and owners in equal position, the promotion of public interest of local governments, and the volition of improving the region for long-term local development should be the premise of the government-private PFV’s success.

Recently the Total Pollution Load Management System(TPLMS) has attracted interest from policy makers and academics in Korea. This interest raises questions about the change of land use regulation according to the introduction of the TPLMS in the Han River Basin recently. In this context, this paper aims to suggest policy implicatios of the TPLMS application to the Han River Basin in relation to land use regulation. The result of this study supply some policy applications. Firstly, target substances for water quality management should be enlarged. Secondly, overlapped land use regulations for water quality management should be integrated. Thirdly, in order to reduce non-point source pollution, environment-friendly land use and management system will be needed. Fourthly, coordination among various plans and balance between windfalls and wipe-outs by development control will be needed. Finally, in order for effective water quality management, current land use regulation system should be changed to planning permission system gradually.

Congress enjoys the ability to delegate significant tasks to agencies but does not have unlimited control over decisions that those agencies subsequently make. The following inventory setting forth some of the more prominent oversight tools currently used by Congress. ① Committee hearings ② The Congressional Review Act of 1996③ Appropriations riders ④ Congressional Budget Office(CBO), etc. For the sake of avoid oversight of Congress agency wants use of “Guidance Documents”. But guidance documents often come in a variety of formats and names, including interpretive memoranda, policy statements, manuals, bulletins etc., but are not limited to, agency interpretations or policies. Guidance documents differ from legislative rules in three major ways :① Procedural requirements for issuance ② Legal effects both inside and outside the agency ③ Availability and scope of judicial review In order to measure whether agency leaders use guidance documents to circumvent the rulemaking process. We must determine whether they issue guidance strategically. The account below is then empirically tested to determine whether agency leaders use guidance strategically. ① Congressional and presidential preference ② Alignment of political principals ③ Judicial challenge ④ Difference in level of procedural constraints ⑤ Durability ⑥ Enforceability ⑦ Budget etc.

Four years have already passed since the Legal Ethics and Professional Conduct Council was established on July 27th of 2007 to foster legal ethics and a climate of justice. I believe that sufficient time has now passed to begin evaluating the progress the organization has made and to consider proposals to further the organization’s development. The primary function of the Legal Ethics and Professional Conduct Council is to conduct investigations and determine whether disciplinary actions are required based on whether violations of ethical legal practices have taken place in cases tried by public prosecutors and judges within two years of their retirement and in the cases of attorneys who have had an unusually high caseload. Looking at the level of management during the first year and a half, the organization was able to obtain materials, but failed to live up to the expectations of the people, overseeing only twenty-one cases where investigations and disciplinary actions were recommended by the chairperson of the Legal Ethics and Professional Conduct Council. This lack of action was found to be caused by a lack of human and material resources, an underdeveloped system and a lack of know-how rather than gross dereliction of duty or a lack of willpower from members of the organization. Perhaps the most serious problem stems from the lack of manpower. There are currently only five full-time employees performing tasks such as administrative affairs and assistance in case analysis among the Legal Ethics and Professional Conduct Council staff. Furthermore, vital positions, equivalent to the brain and nervous system of the organization, are currently filled by part-time employees. These positions include council members, administrative assistants, and expert advisors, including the chairperson of the Legal Ethics and Professional Conduct Council. To fulfill its duty to the justice system and to develop into an organization trusted by the people, the Legal Ethics and Professional Conduct Council must: ⅰ) hire at least five to six attorneys to serve full-time as expert advisors during investigations and project planning, ⅱ) endow Legal Ethics and Professional Conduct Council staff members with the power to conduct investigations and understand the details of cases through the Attorneys-at-Law Act and eliminate the problems caused by the unnecessary bureaucracy of research attorneys ⅲ) establish an in-house call center to receive reports of corrupt actions and better facilitate assistance to those making the reports, ⅳ) maximize work efficiency through the standardization of various office procedures, ⅴ) should either the chairman of the Korea Bar Association or the director of the District Prosecutor’s Office either a formal inquiry or a recommendation for disciplinary actions from the Legal Ethics and Professional Conduct Council, those bodies must cooperate with the council chairman and recognize the recommendations of the council completely.

Various administrative demands cannot fix the type of administrative actions. The figure of present standard administrative actions will be also changed greatly in the future. The purpose of this paper is to disclose this situations. It is common and usual that an administrative act by an administrative agency is supposed to be ultimately effective. But, such administrative agency often finds it difficult to make a final decision. A provisional administrative act is introduced to solve such problems. A provisional administrative act is conceived of as an administrative act that has an interim binding effect only until there is final and ultimate one. A provisional administrative act was originated from the leading case of the Federal Administrative Court of Germany. A provisional administrative act should be included in the scope of the general administrative act. A provisional administrative act occurs plentifully in territory of welfare administration, because a provisional administrative act has both temporality and flexibility. Consequently, a provisional administrative act makes the administrative agency to be flexible in doing an administrative act, and it can solve the problems of modern administration. Therefore, many researches about a provisional administrative act should become accomplished.

I study the legal character of Indemnity system. Indemnity, is “if someone use it to occupy state-owned assets without permission, loan or use of state-owned assets, profits, etc., it should be paid equivalent to 120/100 interests as the punitive State Tax on Tax Collection of delinquent enforce Act”. December 31, 1976, State Properties of the Internal Revenue Service revised the work transferred to local governments in state-owned property. And at the time state-owned property was acquisitive prescription ban by Article 5 paragraph 2, in order to prevent the privatization of state property. Then 15 years later, May 13, 1991 Act, acquisitive prescription some exclusion to the state-owned hybrid the property became to be unconstitutional by the decision of the Constitutional Court of Justice. Conditions, because administrative management is the lack about the state-owned property, Indemnity is not often implemented properly state-owned property. But Since the decision of Constitutional Court, government instruct be state-owned asset management guidelines. it is the imposing using of Indemnity system. Accordingly, Seoul, as the one of public property management, instructed the management plan of the occupied property, March 8, 1993. Accordingly, local governments searched legal state-owned property, possession and Indemnity. Many people, the minimum cost of living recipients or small income of the unauthorized farmer often use public land or property. they do not have another way to avoid using public property. Therefore, this article examines the legal character of Indemnity system. we review the constitutional evidence and justification of Indemnity system. Meanwhile, Indemnity system recognize system of an institution of executive power advantages. I recommend Indemnity system to payment plan in a divided sum, no in a lump sum, for the minimum cost of living recipients etc. administratively. And state and local government should examine for the alternative measures.

Nowadays, the use of smart phones has become popular due to the development of IT technology, so location information and location tracking of smart phones are becoming the big problem. Smart phone is the cell phone terminal added the computer's functionality. Through this, users have been overcome the existing constraints of time and space, and are able to access to information without any restriction. Especially, services based on location information provide the various convenience so the users are actively utilizing them.     However, the possibility of misuse of the personal information contained in the location information through location-based services is increasing more and more. Nevertheless, studies concerning this issue are still insufficient. In particular, the standard related to illegal collection and use of the location information containing personal information by companies and public organizations are needed, but the provisions are insufficient. Therefore, the improvement of the current law should be suggested by analyzing and considering the present condition of collection and use of the location information, the problems of utilizing location information, and the limitation of the current law. And the way for protecting privacy safely and utilizing location information should be sought ultimately. In case of Korea, even service providers do not handle the personal location information must get permission and declare under the same standard like the service providers who handle the personal location information regardless of violation of privacy. Also, even if minor violations, the heavy penalties are imposed. Therefore, restrictions about location information business unrelated to privacy are needed to relax. However, restrictions about location information business related to privacy should be tightened. In particular, service providers should not misuse the personal location information and smart phone users should be able to delete the stored location information. Also, when the location information should be stored, it must be encrypted and deleted after a certain period of time.

Korea is a peninsula, and because of the geographical characteristic, it holds a key position in the field of social and economical area. There are chartered fishery, permissive fishery and free fishery under the present Fisheries Law. Among them, the administrative office grants fishery rights which allow people to exercise exclusive rights on certain surfaces. Under the clause 2, Article 16 of Fisheries Law, it is a real rights that Landing Law of the Civil Code shall apply in the case for the rest of the parts of fishery rights. So profound studies of coastal fisheries and research through the real rights within fishery rights are necessary for the settlement of a dispute. Fishery rights, which is applied by the Landing Law, shall administrate the neritic fishing ground, but it should be ruled case by case under the specific or individual situations. The characteristics of real rights within the fishery rights are those of property rights, management rights, absolute authority rights and legal rights. In case where they obstruct the exercising of the rights, preferential validity and claim of real right remains. Also, even though the third party has fishery rights, he could not exercise the transfer of right or right of resale when he is unqualified. Thus this study covers characteristics of fishing ground, the object of fishery rights and nature of real rights inside that are followed. Real rights include fishery rights to which Landing Law shall be applied under the Fisheries Law, but for individual cases of dispute, systematic researches are needed to avoid unnecessary expenses or time consuming related to legal dispute.

Currently, numbers of crimes by drunken people are increasing and quality of police jobs for crime prevention and civil service is downward due to over-spending of police capacity to treat heavily drunken people. Thus, we should not tolerate current situations and actively seek out reasonable solutions to this problem for our society. Based on these situations, the necessity of protection act for the treatment of heavily drunken people can be described as followings, 1) a motive to realize seriousness of heavy drinking problems, 2) a motive to concentrate police power toward more essential police duties, 3) a motive to decrease the cost of police for the treatment of heavily drunken people, and 4) a motive to change the distorted drinking culture in Korea To achieve original goals of the protection act for the treatment of heavily drunken people, fundamental change in acknowledge of drinking culture and various support from local governments and medical experts are essential. Meanwhile, in the treat of heavily drunken people, medical protection is very important to heavily drunken people, therefore it is necessary to establish the program for effective treatment to heavily drunken people, therefore it is necessary to establish the program for effective treatment to heavily drunken people. In this point, the treatment of heavily drunken people is not only police administrative process but also social welfare administrative process and the latter is more significant. Thus, main administrative organ of heavily drunken people treatment is not police but a local government. Police is in charge of beginning step and a local government and medical agency take follow up measure, this is reasonable system. Until now, drinkers have been protected and punished by police officer job execution law, minor offense law, and criminal law, it should be considered that local government operate detoxication center to protect drinkers. Therefore, we will enact Drinker Protection Law in order to dispose drinkers efficiently.

The outbreak of infectious disease, which is spreading through human populations across even multiple continents, is possible in Korea. Epidemics of Foot and Mouth Disease have resulted in the slaughter of millions of animals, despite this being a frequently nonfatal disease for adult animals, though young animals can have a high mortality. South Korea was hit by the FMD in January 2011, and then suffered for long time. The most serious case of foot-and-mouth outbreak in South Korea's history started in November 2010 in pig farms in Andong city of Gyeongsangbuk-do, and spread in the country rapidly. More than 100 cases of the disease have been confirmed in the country so far, and in January 2011, South Korean officials started a mass cull of approximately 12 percent, or around 3 million in total of the entire domestic pig population and 107,000 of three million cattle of the country to halt the outbreak. Avian influenza also hit Korean poultry farming heavily, resulting in huge damages. One of the best ways to prevent the pandemic is vaccination and the efficacy of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. However, vaccinations can injure people and animals. They may receive compensation for those injuries under the compensation program in rare cases. Korea is needed to reconsider its own vaccination injury compensation program to secure better cooperation among people and farmers.

Die Idee des Gemeinwohls war zusammen mit der Gerechtigkeit, der Rechtssicherheit und der vorstaatlichen Freiheit Bestandteil der Meta-Verfassung, bevor die Verfassung in Schriftform gefasst wurde. Ohne Rücksicht darauf, ob sie ausdrücklich im Verfassungstext erwähnt wird, besitzt sie verfassungsrechtlichen Rang. Innerhalb der verschiedenen erörterten Staatszwecke führt das Gemeinwohl als überpositiver Leitstern die Funktion aus, alle Staatszwecke zu vereinigen. Dadurch vereint es im Rücken der reellen Staatszwecke die gesamten Herrschaftszwecke. Demzufolge ist das Gemeinwohl der „Inbegriff aller legitimen Staatszwecke“. Das Gemeinwohl kann also als Gesamtheit der öffentlichen Interessen verstanden werden. Der Staatszweck wird durch die Staatsaufgaben verkörpert. Alle staatlichen Tätigkeiten erfordern eine staatliche Aufgabenzuweisung. Die wirtschaftliche Betätigung des Staates ist auch eine Ausübung von Staatsgewalt wie jede andere staatliche Tätigkeit. Aus diesem Grund ist eine solche staatliche Betätigung nur dann zulässig, wenn dadurch eine Staatsaufgabe wahrgenommen wird. Wenn historisch die fiskalische Zielsetzung auch ursprünglicher Zweck öffentlicher Unternehmen war, liegen die heutigen Aufgaben öffentlicher Unternehmen nicht in der Gewinnerzielung, sondern verschiedenartig in infrastrukturellen, wirtschaftspolitischen, sozialpolitischen und wettbewerbsfördernden Zielen. In der Literatur wird hauptsächlich verneint, dass die ausschließliche Gewinnerwirtschaftung eine hinreichende Grundlage für wirtschaftliche Betätigung des Staates schaffen kann. Vielmehr soll eine solche erwerbswirtschaftliche Betätigung der öffentlichen Hand nur im Zusammenhang mit der Wahrnehmung öffentlicher Aufgaben zulässig sein. Zur Erfüllung der staatlichen und öffentlichen Aufgaben im öffentliche Bau und Wohnungswesen bedient sich die öffentliche Hand ihrer öffentlichen Unternehmen, z.B. Korea Land & Housing Corporation. Sie ist auch offen für neue und weitere Aufgaben, die sich vor allem aus der jeweiligen Wirtschafts- oder Sozialpolitik ergeben, und es kann auch mehrere von ihnen verfolgen.

Sports occupies an influential part of human life in the modern society. People watch sports through media, and do sports for their health. Moreover, sports has become an important component of national economy. Sport matches or sport activities require related facilities, whose establishment leads to a constant development of the sports industry. These aspects of sports clearly identify the attitude the state must have toward it. Since the sports domain has an important influence on the economy and people's lives, the state faces responsibility to intervene in it. The more the influence of sports on nation, the bigger the state takes responsibility of it. In a law-governed(Constitutional) State where every state action base itself on law, the responsibility of state toward sports as well should be clarified and implemented based on law. As a law-governed nation, Korea has established and implemented positive law system regarding sports. The constitution which ranks the highest in the positive law system does not directly state provisions on sports. However, considering the functions and social consequences of sports, a constitutional ground for related policies and law would have to be clarified. From the current constitution is the right to sports referred from the right to pursuit of happiness. Focusing on sports as an occupation, the right to it is referred from the freedom of occupation. Regarding it as a cultural phenomenon, the principle of a cultural state provides basis as well. Based on the basic principles or provisions in the constitution, state establishes sports policies and related system of laws in order to encourage the development of sports. ‘The National Sports Encouragement Act’ and ‘The Law on the Establishment and Use of Sports Facilities’ with a long history are the examples. Regarding the sports industry, the ‘The Law on Encouragement of Sports Industry’ exists as well. Related special laws were also enacted additionally in the occasion of international sports matches such as the Olympics or the Asian Game. However, the current sports positive law contains several problems as well due to the rapidly changing circumstances. The academic world has made arguments from this perspective that 'the Sports Basic Law' and its related laws should be revised and revamped. The government has shown related efforts as well. The future sports related law should be improved reflecting change in era to protect the rights of people and sports players, and to maximize the efficiency of sports organizations. Government should continue working fast on establishing basic law and its related laws for the cause.

Le Conseil refuse d'effectuer un contrôle de constitutionnalité :•des lois référendaires (Décision n° 62-20 DC 6 novembre 1962 - Loi relative à l'élection du Président de la République au suffrage universel direct, adoptée par le référendum du 28 octobre 1962) à l'exception des propositions de loi mentionnées à l'article 11, dont le contrôle est obligatoire •des lois constitutionnelles (Décision n° 2003-469 DC - 26 mars 2003 - Révision constitutionnelle relative à l'organisation décentralisée de la République) : le Conseil refuse d'employer dans sa jurisprudence le terme de «loi constitutionnelle» (terme doctrinal), mais emploie plutôt le terme de «révision constitutionnelle», qui ne sont pas soumises à un contrôle de constitutionnalité par la Constitution. La compétence du Conseil constitutionnel est strictement délimitée par la Constitution. Elle n'est susceptible d'être précisée et complétée par voie de loi organique que dans le respect des principes posés par le texte constitutionnel. Le Conseil constitutionnel ne saurait être appelé à se prononcer dans d'autres cas que ceux qui sont expressément prévus par ces textes. L'article 61 de la Constitution donne au Conseil constitutionnel mission d'apprécier la conformité à la Constitution des lois organiques et, lorsqu'elles lui sont déférées dans les conditions fixées par cet article, des lois ordinaires. Le Conseil constitutionnel ne tient ni de l'article 61, ni de l'article 89, ni d'aucune autre disposition de la Constitution le pouvoir de statuer sur une révision constitutionnelle.

The Modern constitution is implicitly and explicitly based on human dignity and values as the highest one of several values of constitution. The Korean Constitution has also declared at the preface on volume of  Human Right , "All people, as human beings, have human dignity and values (Art. 10). Yet, there are still parts which have not been clearly established on them, because such problems may come not only from abstract, uncertain regulations on human dignity and value, but also from difficulty identifing the nature of human beings and determining contents of human dignity and values. So, there have been constant discussions to establish obvious constitutional meanings of human dignity and values, and the Korean Court has also been making an effort to find out and lesson the problems even from a basic point. This paper investigates the tasks of national protection concerning those problems, in the center of human dignity and values as the object of national protection. For this, this paper first prioritizes to define a constitutional meaning of human dignity and values, points out what the meaning of human beings in Constitution is, and then establishes concepts and contents of human dignity and values. This paper discusses as well the ensuing poblems or issues, insisting the Human Right based on the grounds of the Korean Constitution as well as norms of human dignity and values. In additon, based on a normative examination of human dignity and values, this study tries to set up protection catagories and standards as a national protection duty, and further to look for solutions about the current issues of debates, a embryo and a treatment for life extension.

2008 ist das Gesetz zum Verbot der Behindertendiskriminierung in Kraft getreten. Es ist zuzugeben, dass dank des Gesetzes Behinderten vor der Diskriminierung verstärkt geschutzt sind. Doch die Behindertendiskriminierung ist überall in der Gesellschaft zu sehen. Nicht nur bei normalen Bürgern, sondern auch bei dem Gerichtshof und dem Parlament ist es nicht selten, Behinderten die Diskriminierung zu erleben. Jetziges Gesetz verbietet die Behindertendiskriminierung innerhalb und ausserhalb des Arbeitsplatzes. In diesem Punkt ist das Gesetz als RL 2000/78/EG ein Schritt weiter gegangen. Aber unter der Berücksichtigung der Koreanischen Verfassung müssen folgende Punkte geändert werden. Dem Art. 10 KG folgend muss die Menschenwürde der Behinderten noch besser geachtet werden. In Art. 11 KG ist allgemeine Gleichheit und das Diskriminierungsverbot verankert. Der Staat muss seine Mühe geben, die wirkliche Gleichbehandlung der Behinderten zu verwirklichen. Insbesondere leiden die weibliche Behinderten unter der mehrdimensionalen Diskriminierung. Die Politik und Gesetze müssen sich der spezielle Situation der weiblichen Behinderten gender sensetiv und sozialpolitisch nähren und auf ihren Lebenszirkel achten. Das Gesetz zum Verbot der Behindertendiskriminierung ist wie folgt geändert werden. Zuerst die Begriffe wie die Behinderung und Behinderten(§ 2 Abs. 1), die indirekte Diskriminierung(§ 4 Abs. 1 Nr. 2), Service-Anbieten(§ 4 Abs. 1 Nr. 3) sind zu ändern. In § 3 Nr. 20 findet man die Bestimmung für die Beleidigung. Es ist aber fraglich, dass unter der Struktur des Gestzes die Beleidigung auch als eine Art von der Diskriminierung zu verstehen ist. Denn in § 4 befinden sich die 6 Diskriminierungsformen, und Belästigung ist nicht zu finden. Daher schlage ich vor, dass man die Beleidigung gleich wie die Belästigung im RL 2000/78/EG §2 Abs. 3 neu formuliert und mit der Versetzung in § 4 Abs. 1 Nr. 3 die Bestimmung von Service-Anbieten(§ 4 Abs. 1 Nr. 3) ersetzt. Service-Anbieten(§ 4 Abs. 1 Nr. 3) können je nach dem Charakter teilweise zur indirekten Diskriminierung und zum diskriminierungsfreien Zugangsrecht gehören. Die Verteilung der Beweispflicht nach § 47 ist nach RL 2000/78/EG § 10 zu ändern. Einige Rechte wie die Diskriminierung durch Dritte, Viktimisierung, diskriminierungsfreies Zugangsrecht sind neu einzuführn. Stichwörter: das Gesetz zum Verbot der Behindertendiskriminierung, RL 2000/78/EG, Verstärkung des Menschenrechts der Behinderten nach KG, Revision des Gesetz zur Verbot der Behindertendiskriminierung, diskriminierungsfreies Zugangsrecht, weibliche Behinderten

The article 72, clause 4 of a civil execution act prescribes a person of default on an obligation list so that anyone can do reading and copying. The same rule shows a character of an insincere creditor and gives the loss that seems to be his trust's damage and libel and carries out a debt, it also plans security of business for a commoner. Therefore, a purpose of a legislation on the same rule is proper. And, it contributes to objective realization of a legislation on the same rule with a little that anyone had reading and a copy of a person of default on an obligation list in the same rule. Thus, the same rule is not violated a conformity of means in the principle of balancing test. But, the same rule prescribed to copy nobody a person of default on an obligation list successively after the original of a person of default on an obligation list was deleted in a reason of repayment other, and there can be the copy thing. In this case, a creditor comes to suffer big damage in his trust and honor and brings failure for, social life and economic life. The danger that the right to self-determination of private information of a creditor is infringed by the same rule grows big. Because the same rule is violated a the principle of minimum infringement and the principle of the balance of benefit and protection of the law in the principle of balancing test, it will be said to be an unconstitutional rule. Hence, it is desirable to revise the same rule in the future to copy the list when the copy thing is disposed of after the original of a person of default on an obligation list was deleted as in the article 72, clause 4 of a German civil proceedings act or so that only reading of a person of default on an obligation list is enabled.

The modernization of the society has highly relied upon the development of technology and scientific knowledge, which now turn into the very cause of uncertainty that we are currently facing. Therefore the limitation of scientific knowledge seems to be recurred more often in what Beck referred as the ‘Risk Society’. At the time of national crisis or nationwide disaster broadcastings must always balance the public interest in full and accurate reporting against the need to be compassionate and to avoid any unjustified infringement of privacy when they report accidents, disasters, disturbances, violence against individuals or war. Broadcasting always need to consider carefully the editorial justification for portraying graphic material of human suffering and distress. When people arriving at the scene of a disaster or emergency are under pressures that make it difficult to judge whether recording is an unjustified breach of privacy, they will often record as much material as possible.  However, in such a situation, even more care must be taken to assess any privacy implications prior to broadcast. The demands of live output and speed in the use of pictures should not override consideration of the privacy of those suffering or in distress. And broadcasters must always consider public interest and avoid to send excessive sensational exclosure and so-called ‘yellow journalism’. And finally as a public instrument they must obey drastically the relevant regulations.