KJC Korea
Journal Central

Ein moderner Staat als ein Industriestaat bedarf als eine der vielen Voraussetzungen zur angenehmen Wirtschaftsentwicklung zunehmend der verschiedenen und manigfaltigen Infrastrukturen. In der Repubik Korea nennt man die Geschäft für offentliche Interesse, gibt es auch das Gesetz dafür, das als ein Rahmengesetz funktioniert. In der Fischerei gibt es das Gesetz für Fischerei am Meer neben dem Gesetz auf Gewässer. Darin handelt es sich hauptsächlich die Genehmigungen der Fischerei aus verschiedenen Formen der Fischerei als ein Fischereirecht. Daneben gibt es auch die Konzession und die Anmeldung für Fischerei als sonstige Formen, anders als andere Staaten. Bei der Beschränkungen der Fischerei durch Einrichtungen der Infrastrukturen handelt es traditionell um die Enteignung gemäß des Gesetz. Aber gibt es in Korea keine Planfeststellungsverfahren aufgrund des VwVGs, sondern ähnliche Verfahren. Ferner handelt es sich um die angemessenen Entschädigung nach der Planfeststellung und die Enteignung. Die Entschädigungen für das von Fischern besitzten Land sind nicht so problematisch. Aber sind die Entschädigungen für Fischerei nicht so einfach, da der Entschädigungsbetrag wegen der Auswertungen der Fischereischaden nicht ohne weiteres nicht einheitlich bemerkt wird. Für Wertbewertungen der Auswirkungen durch die Enteignungen bedarf der sorgfältigen fischereiwirtschaftliche Stellungsnahme durch genaue Untersuchung der baubedingten Fischereischaden und der Auswertungen von vielen Gutachtern für objektive Umsatzverlusten der Fischern. Die Entschädigung in Geld ist in der Praxis nicht so problematisch. Weil viele Firschern neue Firschreiorte als Ersatzland wünschen, liegt die Entschädigung in Land vor der anderen Situation. Deshalb können Enteigner und Unternehmen nicht so gute Lösungen darauf finden.

Large-scale development projects of public interest is a very important way to expand urban infrastructure, the foundation of our lives. But, according to the process, it is emerging as social problem that some migrants lose their livelihood. The law for the problem implements it based on a foundation for migration counterplan, but the rule for public business, including acquisition of land and compensation for the Act ( hereinafter referred to as the law land), is not detail. Accordingly, measures system for migration, and the conflict has continued aversion is expressed by migration of the practical measures complement system is expected to be made. In this presentation, public utilities such measures is in the process of migration, depending on the case based on the current migration, which measures problems in the first draw, migration, conflict not selected, the second. Conflict measures selected subjects migration, third, compensation claims and tentative non-realization of the "special bonus" payments, such as conflict appears to be investigated. Therefore, a realistic first migration in order to establish measures of the system

In 1976, when construction of a nuclear power plant was completed in WolSung-Goon, Gyeongsangbuk-Do, fishery loss compensation investigations on the first class of common fishery rights in the nearby ocean have also began its progress and have reported that hundreds of investigations related to fishery loss compensation recently has been in progress. It has been estimated that the fishery loss compensations paid to fishermen in current price are more than one trillion Won. In addition, it was also estimated that the service costs will be up to multibillion Won. Since these fishery loss compensations are derived from public services, the main body of businesses generally are the nations or the local governments organizations. Therefore it can be seen that fishery loss compensations are mostly paid by national taxes. But problems arise because business operators tend to believe fishery loss compensations are oversupplied to the fishermen while fishermen tend to believe the compensations are underpaid. These problems can be viewed to root from the calculation methods of fishery loss compensations. The basis law of the Republic of Korea about fishery loss compensations are regulated by individual laws in each public services, and are encountering numerous difficulties because they are abstract and unsystematic. But calculation method of fishery loss compensations are still regulated to follow fishery enforcement ordinance of law.

The main purpose of REITs is to provide small investors an opportunity to invest in larger income - producing commercial real estate that are hitherto largely unavailable to the average small investors. To protect small investors from the business risks associated with real estate investment, REITs' involvement in income-producing real estate is limited to a passive role. And tax law gives REITs favorable rax treatment. The essence that characterize REITs are providing small investors an opportunity to invest, passive income, favorable rax treatment. Our law introduced Real Estate Investment Company(Korean REITs) that benchmarked REITs. To invigorate Korean REITs in a short period of time, Law adopts some system that contradicts the essence of REITs. For the long - term development of the REITs market, It is desirable for Korean REITs to be faithful underlying role. So our law for REITs needs to be reviewed. First, to provide small investors an opportunity to invest, a minimum number of investors should be required for REITs and REITs should be listed on the stock market. The limit on a single investor's share ownership should be strengthened. Second, to preserve a passive role, it must be strictly disallowed for REITs to engage in development projects. Third, as long as it performs its expected role, a favorable tax treatment must be applied to all REITs.

During the period of its high-level of condensed economic growth, Korea's housing policy made the increase in quantitative supply its first priority task to resolve the issue of lack of housing caused by drastic social movements by the population. However, today, it is facing a point where it must adjust its policy goals to set measures in qualitatively promoting housing stability that is in step with changes in social and economic conditions such as the slow-growing economic structure and population and the form of living arrangements. The Park Geun-Hye administration was inaugurated during this transitional period for Korea's housing policy. This year, the government established and announced the April 1st measure and August 28th measure. However, after the global financial crisis, the housing market has been facing a long-term slump in the sales of houses and the increase in jeonse prices have become an added burden to the insecure housing situation for the common people. Also, the revitalization of real estate transaction is difficult to realize due to the household debt amount which exceeds 1100 quadrillion won. Currently, the government is faced with various issues relating to housing policy such as the revitalization of real estate transaction. Among such issues, the most serious housing policy related issue is that changes to the basis of the housing policy which correspond to the environmental changes have not been sufficiently made despite of the fact that societal changes are already taking place in Korea. In the future, the government should completely re-evaluate the preferential policy of ownership of one housing per one household and make housing stability its top priority goal in housing policy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the April 1st measure and August 28th measure provided by the Park Geun-Hye administration and provide a policy proposal regarding its task of establishing housing policies in the future. This study is comprises of four chapters. In chapter 2, we considers the structural changes to the housing market environment. In chapter 3, we diagnose the current status of the Park Geun-Hye administration's housing policy and legislative momentum. In chapter 4, we highlight certain tasks that the Park Geun-Hye administration should consider in the future to reasonably improve its housing policies.

This study explores the issue of public necessity in development projects, under the recognition that the concept of public interest and public necessity need to change along with the economic and social circumstances that surround us. When controlling and reviewing legislative discretion, the Korean Constitutional Court relies on ‘obviousness’ criteria or ‘relative reasonableness’ criteria. Public necessity and public interests in modern societies, however, do not lie outside the scope of our prediction, which makes the relative reasonableness criteria more appropriate than obviousness criteria. It is the opinion of the author that the review standard for public necessity should be made more specific, so as to reflect the original intent of ‘existence guarantee of property rights’. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to specify the review standards for public necessity as the following: 1) public nature of the purpose 2) necessity of expropriation 3) minimality of expropriation, 4) balance of legal interests, 5) continuity of public interest. In particular, the ‘continuity of public interests’ criteria must be met when legally granting expropriation rights to a private operator of a public project by law. We need to reconsider the scope of public project under the Act on Acquisition of and Compensation for Land, etc. for Public Projects, as well as public projects under other individual laws. The current economic situation is different from the past when unauthorized houses used to sprawl, in terms of the social and economic position and attitude towards houses. The necessity of developing new towns to accommodate population from major cities such as Seoul has also changed from the past in its magnitude. Therefore, the public necessity of housing site development and new town development projects need to be reconsidered, and the relevant laws should be refined. Lastly, the abstract legal provisions on public needs should be specified. The continuity of public interest can be sufficiently specified in the relevant laws, and the relevant laws need to be revised to adopt such specification.

Because of the long real estate depression, it’s the right time to diversify real estate industry in the middle of the shrink of broker. For example, Property Management by the vitalization of PM through rhe property buying of USA Fund is the right choice. Now korean government suggest many policies for the job increase and economic taking-off through the third service industry. Apart from the national cerificate ‘Housing Manager’, writer reemphasizes the legislation of the national certificate of property manager. These days Housing Act was revised.-the legislation of the Housing Rent Management Industry. With this reality in mind, No Property Manager means we fall behind the world. So it’s the time to legislate the National Certificate ‘Property Manager’ for all buildings over the certain size by Construction Act. Writer suggest the above legislation strongly. It’s nessary to preserve the safety of people and job increase. The advanced country has already have it. Because there has been state certified certification ‘building management manager’, it's impossible to make the same name by ’Framework Act on Qualifications’ 11. So writer want to name it ‘Property Manager’ or ‘Building Manager’ and suggest the urgent legisalation.

Recently important cases on the tort liability of the state are ones which people had been damaged almost by the nonuser of the authority to the state. For instance, there are Red-light District Fire Case in Gunsan and Mini-cup Jelly Case. The Nonfeasance in the state compensation act happened in the administrative power, legislative power and judicial power. Actually, every lawsuit was brought on the nonfeasance of administration. In order to affirm the tort liability of the state from the Administrative nonfeasance, plaintiff must prove material facts in the state compensation act like active use of authority. The problem awaiting solution is the legally consistent, structural analysis in the state compensation act. This thesis tried theoretical, practical legal demonstration in the below by the universal approach based on the past researches, originating from the critical mind in the above. First of all, the problematic phase of nonuser of the administrative authority is on the discretion and it historically reviewed tasks to overcome according to two categories: a type of nonuser of authority to control and other of direct infringement. Besides, it compared, through a doctrine and case laws, the theory of shrinking discretion with one of passive misuse of the right to discretion as the derivative, legal theory on the violation of duty of feasance (illegality) as the core of the administrative nonfeasance. What is more, it also analyzed that both theories in the above are complementary. Especially, material facts of specific duty of feasance are developed by Japanese doctrine and case laws of lower courts, introducing Germany theory of shrinking discretion in the judge of illegality of the administrative nonfesance. It also demonstrated that the material facts in the above are useful legal theory and they are partially introduced in the practice. Second, this thesis analyzed that legal interest is a factor of damage, based on the essence of definition on the illegality, causation and damage, on the necessity to apply ‘legal interest’ (the nature of the safeguard of the private interest) and its position in the functional aspect to decide the scope of protection in the state compensation system as there is a confusion in the debate on those, including doctrine and case laws: the applicability of legal interest on the standing in pleading in the action of the state compensation from the nonfeasance and its position. The demand of the nature of the safeguard of the private interest in the suitable statues is, first of all, the standard to decide whether it is within the scope of protection in the state compensation system; second, it is involved with the scope of legal protection as the relief in the specific case. Through the construction of legal theory in the above, it universally interpreted legal interest as a factor of damage. Third, the specific factor on the relation, in the administrative nonfeasance, between negligence and illegality in the theory of shrinking discretion is consequently the same as one of the theory of passive misuse of a right to discretion. Thus, this thesis reviewed whether universally understanding both theories in the above in considering foreseeability, avoidability, and etc implicated as a specific factor is legally reasonable. This thesis also would provide the hint for further research on the tort liability of the state from the administrative nonfesance. For example, the definition of illegality in the between pleading like affirmative action on the illegality of the nonfeasance and the administrative nonfeasance is different. Besides, the definition of legal interest in introducing the theory of legal interest in pleading on the tort liability of the state from the nonfeasance is different in the both fields.

The citizen-participatory budget system was first introduced by Buk-gu in Gwangju City and Dong-gu in the City of Ulsan in 2004 through the enactment of the ordinance of citizen-participatory budget. Since then, it has been operated in almost all local governments. This system is an institutional measure aimed to protect the locals’ right to choose finance and implement taxpayers’ rights. Its ultimate goal is to realize fiscal democracy. In addition, it makes a contribution to the efficient allocation of local financial resources by establishing local development strategies through citizens’ participation in budgeting and reflecting the projects that they need and expect. Moreover, this kind of citizen-participating budgeting system is helpful in forming a local community by promoting customized projects and improving the locals’ welfare. It’s been ten years since the citizen-participatory budget system was introduced to local authorities. However, the goal of the system has weakened because of poor local financial conditions. In addition, it has been mostly planned and coordinated by government employees because of the locals’ lack of expertise. Furthermore, the current ordinance of citizen-participatory budget is too loose without an institutional backup. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the scope of citizens’ participation, guarantee citizen-led autonomy and offer an opportunity for all citizens to participate. For this, a wide variety of information should be available, and all budget-related processes from budgeting to settlement of accounts should be open and transparent to attract citizens’ participation. To answer the fundamental purpose of the citizen-participatory budget system, in addition, it is important to develop citizens’ expertise by holding conference and public hearing and operating local budget schools. It is also required to design a customized citizen-participatory budget system considering regional characteristics and conditions and keep developing the operating system for better efficiency by expanding citizens’ voluntary participation.

Utilization of the internet has become a part of everyday life in our society. We obtain much information and knowledge through the internet. With the rapid changes in the information and communications network, the distribution of smart phones has been on the increase, resulting in easy access to various information on the internet. However, the information being circulated on the internet is not all beneficial, and the harmful consequences of such information have taken various forms. While there are some voluntary regulations regarding harmful information among relevant businesses, it has reached a level where state intervention has become inevitable. This paper summarizes the major regulatory statutes regarding harmful information or content being circulated on the internet. The paper then looks at the representative case law concerning the same, and also evaluates the role and function of the judiciary. Finally, the paper discusses the limitations of the relevant statutes and the principles of law behind them.

An increasing problems of current public health law pay attention to an equivocal realm and limitation of public health, restriction on hairdressing business, and unlicensed hairdressers. In order to improve against the mentioned issues of current public health law, it is required suggestions as below. First, the articulated public health law should be regulated along with substantial regulation. These regulations need to be established by the constitutional law to protect nation’s safety and security. Second, the freedom of business should be guaranteed. To do this, authorities’ invention should not be excessive by regulations or restrictions for public health related business industries. Especially, when hairdressing sanitary inspection is conducting, the freedom of hairdressing business has to be promised by applying proportional, less invade, subsidiary principles. Third, professional education for hairdressing specialization is essential.. Acquisition of hairdressing license requires professional knowledge and technical skills. Thus, special regulation on hairdressing specialization is desirable rather than covering the acquisition of professional license by the public health law. Fourth, under current public health law, hairdressing business owners ought to report their business items. However, this regulation seems sometimes immoderate demands to be sentenced for imprisonment or penalty for violating the rules of report of business and for sanitary inspection as well. On this wise, it would be desirable to replace of suspension of use, removal or order to end its operation, and give an administrative guidance instead giving an excessive penalty to business people for minor offenses. To sum up, we have to strengthen the public sanitation security, the freedom of public sanitary work place, the hairdresser professionalization, and hairdressing business of public health law.

'The law regarding a life ethics and an immediacy' Koreas wurde 2.2.2012. geändert und ist 2.2.2013 in Kraft getraten. Zu der wichtigen Erneuerung zählt man die Erweiterung des Anwendungsbereichs des Gesetzes. Nach dem revisionierten Gesetz sind Human und das vom Human stammenden Material schutzwürdig. Und untersuchte Menschen bekommen verstärkten rechtlichen Schutz. Die nationale Ethikkommission Koreas bekommt gesetzliche Grundlage für die Verstärkung ihrer Struktur. In dieser Studie wurde der Thema auf die Regelungen der Gendiagnostik beschränkt und mit dem deutschen Gendiagnostikgesetz verglichen. Als das Ergebnis der Untersuchung kann man feststellen, dass einige kritisierte Regelungen beim alten Gesetz nach der Revision immer noch zu finden sind. Insbesondere sind Regelungen über das Diskriminierungsverbot nach genetischen Informationen, genetische Behandlung, die Institution für die genetische Untersuchung und die genetische Analyse, die Beschränkung der vorgeburtlichen genetischen Untersuchung bei Embryonen und Föten, nachbesserungsbedürftig. Es ist auch nötig, einige neue Regelungen in das Gesetz einzuführen, um Rechte der Untersuchte z, B. Selbstbestimmungsrecht zu schützen. Zu nennen sind die Regelungen über die Erklärungspflicht des Arztes, die Einwilligung bei nicht einwilligungsfähigen Menschen, genetische Untersuchung zur Klärung der Abstammung, genetische Untersuchung im Rahmen der arbeitsmedizinische Vorsorgeuntersuchungen. Man kann die obengenannte Problemen durch die Revision des Gesetzes lösen. Aber es ist auch möglich, dass man sie mit neuem Gendiagnostikgesetz bewältigen. Man bevorzugt die zweite Lösung. Um die Diskriminierungsverbot und Schutz des

Es ist Zweck des Gesetzes über Versammlungen und Aufzüge, die gesetzmäßige Versammlung als Grundelement der Demokratie möglichst maximal zu gewährleisten und das Recht auf Versammlungen unddie öffentliche Ordnung amgemessen einander harmonieren zu lassen. Um diesen Zweck zu erreichen, schreibt § 6 Versammlungsgesetz bei der öffentlichen Versammlung unter freiem Himmel die vorherige Anmeldepflicht vor. Die versammlungsrechtliche Anmeldung ist notwendig, um den Gesetzgebungszweck, die Erhaltung der versammlungsrechtliche Freiheit und der öffentliche Ordnung nebeneinander bestehen zu lassen. Und sie wird als minimale Regulierung eingeführt, die notwendige Daten zur Erhaltung der versammlungsrechtliche Freiheit und der öffentliche Ordnung zu erheben. Aus Sicht der verfassungsrechtlich gewährleisteten Versammlungsfreiheit betrachtet, setzt die versammlungsrechtliche Anmeldepflicht die gegenseitige Kooperation zwischen der zuständigen Polizeibehörde und dem Veranstalter der Versammlung voraus. Daher besteht der Hauptzweck der Anmeldepflicht darin, die Versammlungsfreiheit und die öffentliche Ordnung nebeneinander bestehen zu lassen. Die koreanische Rechtsprechung und Theorie nomalerweise dazu hinneigen, die versammlungsrechtliche Anmeldepflicht für die Rechtspflicht des Veranstalters zu erachten. Dennoch ist es Hauptaufgabe der zuständigen Polizeibehörde, die versammlungsrechtliche Freiheit sicherzustellen und zugleich die Gefahr aus der Versammlung vorzubeugen. Aus diesem Grund liegt die Kooperationspflicht hinsichtlich der versammlungsrechtlichen Anmeldung zunächst in der zuständigen Polizeibehörde.

This paper would explore the process of discussion on APEC CBPR(Cross Border Privacy Rules) and its legal character and the influence to Korea’s personal information protection. It also looks at the development of APEC CBPR and the issues which are represented by four step approach: self-assessment, compliance, recognition, and dispute resolution and enforcement. CBPR is not the treaties nor generally recognized rules of international law under the Article 6 of the Korean Constitution. It is a voluntary and advisory opinion so that it has not the power to control the domestic law. It has, however, affected to legal and institutional aspect since the world is opened in political and social aspect and changed to global economy. It also would examine the potential influence to us in process of the development of CBPR. First, CBPR discussion could affect the amendment of the Personal Information Protection Act, Information Network Act, and other relevant provisions of the acts. Second, it is possible to transfer financial transaction information and IT systems to foreign nations by the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement and the Korea-EU Free Trade Agreement. Third, CBPR would encourage member state to set up national model in order to transfer safely and smoothly and so that it is likely to adopt a model contract. Fourth, the electronic commerce which are important factors to personal information would be boosted and it could be an opportunity which the financial industry will be internationalized and enlarged. However, the negative impact on the collection and use of personal information systems could be revealed with the nature of the country compared to other countries.

In the past when the government was established, the army and the police had been in charge of keeping public order to set up national foundation. They were given an exceeding authority to enforce the law, leading to cause many problems. First, it is against the principle of legislation reservation in order to attain constitutional administration. Second problem is that it allows the army to have an authority to maintain public order in no war time. Especially, when granting the army the power to enforce the law, neither does it have specific regulations to support upper legislation nor have substantial regulations about the category of authority enforcement for ordering. Furthermore, questionable thing is that whether it is adequate to constitutional administration order for the army to have the power to keep public order in peace time as well as using weapons regulated by 「Garrison Decree」. It is not coincide with the virtue of Constitution that allowing the garrison headquarter, as an emergency police agency, to be charged with public order in no wartime. Thus, 「Garrison Decree」needs to be revised to make sure efficient administration. It is reasonable that the police agency should be responsible for public ordering in peace time. In the reality where the North and the South, however, are separated, it is necessary that the army should take the place of the police agency only when it is not capable of regional public ordering in a state of disaster and emergency. To do so, actual legislation is needed.

Die folgenden Darlegungen wenden sich in erster Linie nicht an deutsche, sondern an koreanische Leser, die mit dem deutschen Beamtenrecht (noch) nicht vertraut sind, und enthalten deshalb manches, das einem deutschen Leser unnötig erscheinen mag. Die Vortragsform ist beibehalten, die Nachweise von Literatur und Judikatur sind ergänzt worden.