English; Rocket, French; Roquette, Sanskrit; Bhutagna, Siddartha, Bengal; Shwetsursha, North-western provinces; Duan, Tara, lalu, sahwan, Taramira, Punjab; Assu, Tara, Jumba, Usan, French; Roquette, Persian; Jambeh, Hindi; Taramira, Spanish; Oruga, Roqueta. Also known as “cultivated” rocket, “annual” rocket, “true” rocket, arugula, roquette, “white pepper”, or taramira (Kirtikar and Basu, 1918).

In USM physicians have attributed the particular characteristic known as temperament to every single drug used as therapeutic agent. This parameter is considered while prescribing medicine to the patients. Temperament of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) is described as “Har³ Yabis³”. This is a unique feature of therapeutics in USM. Temperament of a drug signifies that this medicine may not have same effectiveness in the patient having the same temperament, but may be effective in patient having just opposite temperament. This consideration of temperaments of the medicine and the patient for prescription, indicates that USM has unique approach of personalized medicine (Khan, 2013; Tarique, 2010).

Oral dosage of seeds of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) is recommended in the range of 1-3 gm per day (Kabeeruddin, 2000). If Domestic (Garden) type is taken as per recommendation is 17.5 gm and wild in the range of 7-10.5 gm (Khan, 2013). In USM, physicians have identified substitute of every single drug so that the substitute can be used in place of unavailable drug. In this case Husn-e-yusuf, is considered as the best substitute to JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) because it has similar medicinal properties (Kabeeruddin, 2000). For seeds of Domestic JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) its substitute is seeds of Piyaz (Allium cepa Linn), seeds of Gazar (Daucus carot Linn.), and for wild JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) seeds of Khurdal (Brassica nigra Linn.) is taken as best substitute (Khan, 2013; Ghani, 1998).

Most commonly whole plant adversely affects to the People having hot temperament (Tarique, 2010). Seeds of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) cause weakness of eye site, vertigo, than its musleh (corrective) is Badam (Prunus amygdalus linn). If seeds of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) can adversely cause headache than use Isabgol (Plantago ovata) as musleh (corrective). When seeds of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) adversely effect on bladder than Katira (Cocchlospermum religiosum Linn) is used as a corrective. If participants over consume seeds of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) that lead to hizyaan-e-khoon (irritability to the blood) than milk is used as a corrective.

Muqqawwi-e-bah (Aphrodisiac), Mudirr-e-bawl (Diuretic) wo Mudirr-e-hayd (Emmenogoggue), Muwallid-e-mani (Spermatomatogenic), Kasir-e-riyah (Carminative), Jaali (Cleanser/Detergent), Muhammir (Rubefacient), Hazim (Digestive), Daf-e-sumoom (Antidote), Mulaiyan (Laxative), Muzliq-e-mani (Lubricant), Muddir-e-shir (Galactopoietic), Mufattih-e-Sudad (Deobstruent), Musakhin (Analgesic), Mulattif (Demulcent), Mufattit-i-hasah (Lithotriptic) (Hakeem; 2002, Khan, 2013; Tarique, 2010; Ghani, 1998). The medicinal effects of leaves are stimulant, stomachic, diuretic and antiscorbutic. Seeds are vesicant and acrid, oil from seeds contains glycerides of erucic acid and whole plant is considered as aphrodisiac (Pullaiah, 2006; Kirtikar and Basu, 1918).

Dermatological diseases: Improve fairness, Pityriasis nigra, hyperpigmentation, Melasma, Black spots, Acne vulgaris, Vitiligo, Hair re-growth, Freckles, Itching and Nail fissure (Khan, 2013; Ghani, 1998). Gynecological Disease: Amenorrhea and Dysmenorrhea (Hakeem, 2002). Renal Diseases: Dysuria and Kidney stone (Khan, 2013). Others: Liver and spleen obstruction, Antidote for mongoose, increase sexual power, Improve the body health and Dysentery (Baitar, 1982; Khan, 2013). Flowers and seeds of domestic JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) are used to increase Quwwat-e-jema (sexual power) (Baitar, 1982). Seeds also have muddir-e- bowl (Diuretic), hazim (Digestive) and mulyain (Laxative) properties (Khan, 2013). Seeds are also used in form of paste on face to remove black spot and improve fairness of skin (Khan, 2013). Seeds paste with honey is very effective in treatment of pityriasis nigra, melasma, freckles and hyperpigmentation and also act as antidote for the treatment of mongoose bite (Ghani, 1998; Khan, 2013). Seeds act as muqqawwi-e-bah (aphrodisiac), moharrik-e-bah (sex stimulant) and muwallid-e-mani (spermatomatogenic). Seeds used with hot water act as expectorant (Khan, 2013; Baitar, 1982). Seeds having properties like muddir-e-bowl (diuretic) wo laban (galactogogue) increases the volume of milk and urine (Khan, 2013; Ghani, 1998). Fine powder of it, is used locally for the treatment of acne vulgaris and its spots. JIRJEER (Eruca sativa Linn) with sirka (vinegar) is used to remove hyperpigmentation of the face and the body (Baitar, 1982). When it is used with half boil egg act as moharrik-e-bah (sex stimulant) (Khan, 2013; Ghani, 1998). JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) used as liniment for melasma, pityriasis and baras (Khan, 2013; Ghani, 1998). Its oil is used for itching, Leaves are used as eminent. Chana (chickpea) soaked in water of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) act as muwallid-e-mani (spermatomatogenic) and also increases sexual power (Khan, 2013). JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) having kasir-r-riyah (Carminative) properties, used in cooking helps in digestion (Tarique, 2010). These properties are present in all parts of the plant but its seeds are rich source (Khan, 2013). Wild seeds are muqawwi (tonics) in these properties (Khan, 2013). Juices are used in acne vulgaris and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (Khan, 2013). Oral and local use of seeds are effective in calf muscle pain (Khan, 2013). Oil extract from seeds have soothing effect on skin, used for soap manufacture and is used in cooking, also with sugar (oral) is effective in treatment of dysentery. Lotion of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) promotes hair re-growth and reverse greasy scalp (Ramzan, 2015; Dris, 2002; Abbasi, 2013).

Seeds: seeds extract have seven fatty acids such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, erucic acid, and oleic acid, cosaenoic acid C20, nervonic acid C24 acid and volatile constituents such as myristicin, terpineol, apiole, cis-verbenol, and β- phellandrene are detected. Hexane extracts shows β-sitosterol, cholesterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and volatile constituents are myristicin, terpineol, apiole, cis-verbenol, and β-phellandrene. Alcoholic seeds extracts have Glucoerucin (S Jaafar N, 2019). Leaves: Leafs extracts having fatty acids such as palmitic acid, azelaic acid, trance-vaccenic acid (C₁₈H₃₄O₂), palmitoleic acid and linolenic acid. Hexane leaf extract have Cholesterol, secocholest-1(10)-en-3, 5-dione, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Volatile constituents in leaves are eugenol, transanethole, elemene, (E)-b-damascone, Terpens as phytol, isophytol and squalene. Lutein (xanthophyll), α-tocopherol carotenoids, β-carotene (with provitamin activity), α-carotene, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ethanolic extracts showed Kaempferol-3 glucoside (astragalin); kaempferol-3,diglucoside -7- glucoside; kaempferol-3,4 diglucoside, kaempferol 3-O-(2’’-O-malonyl-βD-glucopyranoside)-4’-O-β-D glucopyranoside; kaempferol 3, 4’-di-Oglucopyranoside, 3-OMichael glucopyranoside, 4’-O-glucopyranoside; quercetin-3,4́-diglucoside-3́- (6-sinapoyl-glucoside); quercetin-3,3́,4́- triglucoside; quercetin-3-(2-sinapoylglucoside)-3́-(6-sinapoylglucoside)- 4́-glucoside; quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside; rutin; quercetin-3,4 -diglucoside-3 -(6-caffeoyl-glucoside); isorhamnetin-3-glucoside; isorhamnetin-3,4́-diglucoside; rhamnocitrin 3-O-(2’’-O-methylmalonylβ-Dglucopyranoside)-4’-O-β-D-glucopyra-noside, rhamnocitrin 3- O-glucopyranoside, 4’-O-glucopyranoside. Ellagic, tannic, and gallic acid; quercetin kaempferol; rhamnetin, quercetin triglucoside; rutin, monosynapoyl triglucoside; and kaempferol-3-O-galactoside were the phenolics detected in E. Sativa seed extract. Resorcinol and catechol, benzoic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin are detected. Aqueous extract has Ferulic acid, coumaric acid, vanillin, resorcinol, and catechol (S Jaafar N, 2019). Flowers: Ellagic, tannic, and gallic acid; quercetin kaempferol; rhamnetin, quercetin triglucoside; rutin, monosynapoyl triglucoside; and kaempferol-3-O-galactoside were the phenolics detected in E. Sativa seed extract. Resorcinol and catechol, benzoic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin, S-demethylation of 4-methylthiobutylglucosinolate (glucoerucin). 4-methylthiobutyl glucosinolate and 4-methylslfinylbutyl glucosinolate (S Jaafar N, 2019). Roots: Glucosinolates methylthiobutylglucosinolate, 4-mercaptobutyl glucosinolate, and 4-methylsulfinylbutylglucosinolate. Antioxidants compound such as carotenoids, flavonoids, glucosinolates and volatile oils like myristicin, apiole and phellandrene. Glucosinolate is obtained from Eruca sativa contain nitriles, isothiocyanates, and thiocyanates. Volatile fraction of Eruca sativa contains Nitrile, 5-methylthiopentanenitrile. Moreover, it is reported that rocket seed have high oil contents and its oil have aphrodisiac properties. Rocket is a rich source of minerals and electrolytes in leaves are phosphor (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Z). In seeds, the most abundant minerals are Ca, Na, P, and chromium (Cr) (S Jaafar, 2019).

Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause many diseases and ulcers such as chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, Peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. In traditional medicine it plays an important role to kill bacteria. Urease enzyme is essential for growth, metabolism and colonization in gastric mucosa. In preclinical study by Alqasoumi S demonstrated, that Extract of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) can significantly reduce urease activity, also Gastric ulcer induced by necrotizing agents like indomethacin and hypothermic agent can also be reduced by JIRJEER (Eruca sativa), which is confirmed histologically. Thus JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) reduced occurrence of above-mentioned diseases. JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) also reduced GWM, NP-SH levels and MDA level significantly. Study result proved that, ethanol extract of eruca significantly protect gastric mucosa against the depletion of gastric wall mucus due to acids, pepsin and necrotizing agents such as ethanol and indomethacin (Guenane, 2017; Alqasoumi, 2009)

Antibacterial property of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) is showed by its seeds and oil extract. Seeds have alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, ascorbic acid, saponins and tannins and oil extract has both essential and non-essential fatty acids mainly Erucic acid. The presence of phenolic compound showed antimicrobial properties against bacteria’s. Tannin has antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor activity and diuretic properties. Cardiac glycosides are helpful in various diseases. Saponin has the property of precipitating and coagulating red blood cells (RBC). Erucic acid present in seeds oil is higher in concentration. It is responsible for antimicrobial activity, also have Mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as Oleic acids (15%), cis-11- eicosenoic acid, methyl ester (12.5%), linoleic acid and methyl ester (6.9%) were abundant. These fatty acids support edible uses. Seed oil and its methanolic extracts have shown higher antibacterial activity against Gram +ve and Gram –ve bacteria’s. Mainly against S. aureus and B. cereus strains. Erucic acids and isothiocyanates were present in high concentration. These are responsible for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, B. subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and H. pylori. Hence it could be used for the preparation of drugs required for human and animal health (Barillari, 2005; Rizwana, 2016; Doulgeraki, 2017; Malik, 2015; Khoobchandani, 2010; Ettebong, 2009; Singh, 2016).

Traditionally JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) is used for improvement of sexual power due to its aphrodisiac property. In preclinical study the aphrodisiac potential of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) was demonstated. Ethanolic extract of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) showed androgenic action as well as it induces testicular steroids production that stimulates the preputial gland, also enhances spermatogenesis in the male mice testis. Extract of leaves are considered for the rise of testosterone hormone level and increases sperm activity, moreover reduced death sperm and its abnormalities (Ansari, 2014; Hadi, 2017). The extract of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) have saponins and alkaloids enhance sperm activity. Its histological examination showed a significant increase in diameter of its tubules, spermatids, and Leyding cells and also showed reduction in interstitial space. Rocket extract will increase the growth of testis and also enhances the spermatozoa proliferation and maturation. Seed oil also improves nicotine-induced testicular damage by morphometric and histological modification. This effect is due to desulfoglucosinolates, erucic acid and isothiocyanates. The combination of these phytochemicals are present in seeds, leaves and oil of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa). The study conducted by Mona et al., revealed that small doses of seeds oil stimulate spermatogenesis. Another study carried out by Nowfel AJ proved that hormonal assay showed a significant elevation in serum testosterone. Ethanolic extract of leaves significantly improved the testicular functions and spermatogenesis in stressed rats (Nowfel, 2017).

Hepatotoxicity is one of the major problems all over the world. About 20,000 deaths occurs in each year. Nearly 2, 50,000 new cases of hepatocellular carcinoma are newly diagnosed (Kshirsagar, 2011). So there is need to search alternative treatment, hence various traditional medicines are center of attraction and they have been used as hepatoprotective for primary healthcare because of their medicinal activities and highly safety effect with fewer side effects. Conventional medicines such as steroids, antiviral, anti-tubercular drug (isoniazid and rifampicin) and vaccine give temporary benefits with serious risks of toxicity, if we use chronically. Bad habits like chronic alcoholism, viral infections, environmental pollution and chemical (paracetamol, carbon tetra chloride (CCL₄), thioacetamide), may directly effect on it and cause inflammation of liver tissues (Alter, 2006; Dienstag, 2001; Jaishree, 2010). Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaf proved hepatoprotective effect because it is rich in sulfur content. Which is responsible to expel body waste. This extract plays an important role in restoration of non-protein sulfhydryl in liver tissue, and are also responsible for liver immune functions. This extract suppresses cytochrome P450 oxygenase enzyme system, and it extract have major constituent that is glucoerucin which is having antioxidant action (S Jaafar, 2019; Alqasoumi, 2010; Salem, 2001).

Extract of leaves having Vit-C of 7alpha-hydroxylase enzyme plays an important role in conversion of plasma cholesterol into bile acid, hence significantly reduce serum cholesterol and also prevent oxidation of high-density lipoprotein. Seeds oil have hypocholesterolemic effect due to their active constituents such as phytosterols; β-sitosterol, campasterol and beta-amyrine. These sterols decrease cholesterol concentration by preventing its absorption and inactivation of the hepatic cholesterol esterase. High ratio of unsaturated fatty acids decreases lipoproteins production. Phytosterols reduced the dietary and biliary cholesterol conjugation into micelles, and this depresses the cholesterol absorption. Synthesis of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors activity are increased, which eventually leads to reduced serum LDL cholesterol concentration. The rocket oil hypocholesterolemic effect is better than olive oil. Hence rocket oil decreases the total cholesterol, total lipid, and LDL concentration. Hence it can be considered as worthy source for omega fatty acids. It might be consumed as a healthy oil to minimize saturated oil consumption. Saturated oils and fats are the big reasons for the development of several chronic illnesses (Bell, 2017; Shatta, 2014; Uzun, 2016; El-Gengaihi, 2004).

Flower extracts has a very powerful antioxidant effect. It could be estimated by radical scavenging test and β-carotene bleaching test. Phenolic compounds such as kaempferol 3; 4-di-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-glucosyl, quercetin 3-glucosyl, and isorhamnetin 3-glucosyl are responsible for antioxidant activity (Koubaa, 2015). These phenolic compounds are responsible for scavenging free radicals. Seeds extract have major constituent glucoerucin, which is responsible for antioxidant action by scavenging hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydro peroxides (Maia, 2015).

Traditionally JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) is used as a cardio-protective medicine, especially for hypertension. In preclinical study demonstrated, that methanolic extract of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) showed hypotensive effect on hypertensive and normotensive rats by oral and intravenous administration. This action is due to vasodilatory and cardiotonic effects. Vasodilation action of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) by acting on vasodilatory mediators (nitric oxide, certain muscarinic), which are presents on vascular endothelial cells has direct effect on vascular smooth muscle in rat. Flavonoids and phenols are present in ethyl acetate fraction; previous study proved that these constituents have anticholinesterase and cardioprotective effects. Quercetin and erucin is a major component of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) having antihypertensive effect (Ali-Shtayeh, 2013).

Traditionally JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) and its oil is used in management of waja-ul-mafasil. Abodola et al., demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect of seeds of JIRJEER (Eruca sativa). Ethanolic extract of seeds proved an anti-edema action. Seeds contain active constituents such as flavonoids, quercetin, isorhamnetin, 4-methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate (main isothiocyanates in seeds) and 4-methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate mainly responsible for anti-inflammatory action with gastroprotective effect (Rani, 2010).

Eruca showed nephroprotective effect. The preclinical study carried out by Elgazar and his colleague demonstrated nephroprotective effect and diuretic properties against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Alcoholic extract of seeds showed nephroprotective effect against mercuric chloride (Hg Cl2)-induced nephrotoxicity. This effect is due to antioxidant molecules, enzymes, Flavonoids and glucoerucin constituent plays an important role in nephroprotection. Hussien in his preclinical study carried out on rabbits proved that aqueous extract of E. sativa significantly reduced the occurrence of nephrocalcinosis (it is the condition of in which calcium level in kidney is more than normal), by suppressing calcium oxalate crystal formation and its deposition in renal tissues by their diuretic and alkalizer. JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) also reduced incidence of kidney stone mainly from calcium oxalate due to presence of large amount of magnesium which reduce the binding of oxalate to calcium ion in renal tubules. Hence calcium oxalate crystal formation is suppressed (Abodola, 2015; Elgazar, 2013; Shalaby, 2014; Sarwar Alam, 2007; Hussein, 2018; Aggarwal, 2013).

There are various medicines having antidiabetic properties. Rocket seeds is one of the medicines used traditionally for treatment of Diabetes. Streptozotocin (alkylating antineoplastic agent) is responsible for inducing diabetes in this situation. Rocket seeds oil directly act on Streptozotocin and produce antihyperglycemic effect in rats. In chronic diabetes, if glucose concentration is high that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the development of advanced glycosylation end products. ROS activates lipid peroxidation that causes devastation and injury to the cell membrane. Lipid peroxidation is one of the distinctive features of chronic diabetes. Rocket seeds oil showed hypoglycemic activity by regulating pancreatic islets architecture, antioxidant activity and increasing insulin secretory response. E. sativa extract shows suppressing effect on carbohydrate metabolism through inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and β-galactosidase in dose-dependent manner (Salma, 2018; Melchini, 2010; Peter, 2016; Hetta, 2014; Ahmed, 2016).

In vivo and vitro study estimated that Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves have antiplatelet effect. Nowadays platelets aggregation is responsible for thrombus formation and many cardiovascular diseases. It prevents platelets aggregation without significant rise of bleeding. During inflammation, rise of inflammatory mediators are thromboxane B2, tissue rowth factor (1β), and IL-1β. Which plays an important role for formation of atherosclerotic lesion and arterial thrombogenesis due to platelets aggregation on inflammatory site JIRJEER (Eruca sativa) extract prevent these phenomena. This activity of eruca sativa is due to existence of kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin constituents (Alarcón, 2014).

Traditionally oil is used for itching, when the cause of itching is due to fungal infections. Now many studies revealed antifungal properties assessed by well-diffusion method. Oil extracted from leaves by stream distillation showed significant antifungal properties against Dreschlera halodes, Cola clavata, Rhizopus oryzae, aspergillus nidulans, Alternaria kiliense, Alternaria alternate and F. oxysporum. Aqueous extract of seeds also showed antifungal effect against Spadicoides stoveri and Paecilomyces variotii (Ansari, 2014).

Wild rocket plant has anti-cancerous and antioxidant properties through its constituents such as Isothiocyanates, sulforaphane and erucin [1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylthio) butane]. Through inhibition of Phase I carcinogen-activating enzymes, induction of Phase II carcinogen detoxification enzymes, inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by arresting cell cycle at G2/M, and removal of premalignant and malignant cells. Also, induction of apoptosis and increases expression of multidrug resistance transporters in human carcinoma cell lines. Erucin is major component, which plays an important role in lung carcinoma, breast cancer, hepatoma and leukemia cell lines by arresting cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis. Sulforaphane and erucin both inhibits proliferation and mitosis in MCF7 breast cancer cells in parallel with inhibition of cell cycle progression at G2/M and mitosis in a manner consistent with impairment of spindle microtubule dynamics witch strongly suppressed microtubule growing and shortening dynamics during interphase in preclinical study by Azarenko O (Azarenko, 2014).