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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
	<journal-meta>
		<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jkits</journal-id>
		<journal-title-group>
		<journal-title>한국지식정보기술학회 논문지</journal-title>
		<journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Knowledge Information Technology and Systems</journal-title>
		</journal-title-group>
		<issn pub-type="ppub">1975-7700</issn>
		<publisher>
		<publisher-name>한국지식정보기술학회</publisher-name>
		<publisher-name xml:lang="en">Korea Knowledge Information Technology Society</publisher-name>
		</publisher>
	</journal-meta>
	<article-meta>
		<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jkits_2020_15_02_275</article-id>
		<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34163/jkits.2020.15.2.013</article-id>
		<article-categories>
			<subj-group>
				<subject>Research Article</subject>
			</subj-group>
		</article-categories>
		<title-group>
			<article-title>한국산 무취 프로폴리스의 항염 효과 분석</article-title>
			<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
				<trans-title>Analysis of Anti-inflammatory Effect on Odorless Korea Propolis</trans-title>
			</trans-title-group>
		</title-group>
		<contrib-group>
			<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
				<name-alternatives>
					<name name-style="eastern">
						<surname>이</surname>
						<given-names>준원</given-names>
					</name>
					<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
						<surname>Lee</surname>
						<given-names>Junwon</given-names>
					</name>
				</name-alternatives>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn001">*</xref>
			</contrib>
		</contrib-group>
		<aff-alternatives>
			<aff><italic>배재대학교 바이오·의생명공학과 교수</italic></aff>
			<aff xml:lang="en"><italic>Department of Biomedicinal Science&#x26;Biotechnology, Paichai University</italic></aff>
		</aff-alternatives>
		<author-notes>
			<fn id="fn001"><label>*</label><p>Corresponding author is with the Department of Biomedicinal Science&#x26;Biotechnology, Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea, 302-735, KOREA</p><p><italic>E-mail address</italic>: <email>junwon@pcu.ac.kr</email></p></fn>
		</author-notes>
		<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
			<month>04</month>
			<year>2020</year>
		</pub-date>
		<volume>15</volume>
		<issue>2</issue>
		<fpage>275</fpage>
		<lpage>283</lpage>
		<history>
			<date date-type="received">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</date>
			<date date-type="rev-recd">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</date>
			<date date-type="accepted">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</date>
		</history>
		<permissions>
			<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2020 KKITS All rights reserved</copyright-statement>
			<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
		</permissions>
		<abstract>
		<title>요약</title>
		<p>프로폴리스의 생물학적 특성은 화학 성분, 식물원, 지리적 구역 및 계절에 따라 차이가 있다. 프로폴리스의 가장 중요한 물질인 플라보노이드(flavonoid)들은 면역력 증강, 항산화, 항균, 항염, 항바이러스, 항암 등의 생리활성 기능을 나타내고 있다. 프로폴리스는 특유의 강한 냄새와 색깔로 인해 소비자들은 거부감을 나타내고 있기 때문에, 이 연구에서는 냄새를 효과적으로 제거한 프로폴리스를 이용하여 NO 생성을 확인하고 염증 관련 사이토카인인 interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)의 생산을 확인하여 항염증 효과에 대한 기능성을 연구하였다. NO 농도의 감소율을 측정한 결과, 대조군과 비교하여 프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스는 1μg/ml의 농도에서 감소를 나타내지 않았지만, 10μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 74% 정도로 유의성 있는 NO의 감소를 나타냈다. 프로폴리스 10μg/ml의 농도에서, 대조군과 비교하여 IL-1β 생산이 약 49% 정도로 감소하였고, 무취 프로폴리스 10μg/ml의 농도에서, 약 36%의 감소를 나타냈다. IL-6 생산에서는 대조군과 비교하여 프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스 10μg/ml의 농도에서 각각 약 66%와 43%의 감소를 나타냈다. TNF-α 생산에서는 대조군과 비교하여 프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스 10μg/ml의 농도에서 각각 약 62%와 60%의 감소를 나타냈다. 항염증 기능성을 나타내고 냄새를 제거한 프로폴리스 소재를 개발하여 건강 기능성 식품 기술 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.</p>
		</abstract>
		<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
		<title>ABSTRACT</title>
		<p>Biological properties of propolis vary with chemical composition, plant sources, geographic area and seasons. Flavonoids, which are the most important substances of propolis, have physiologically active functions such as boost immunity, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anticancer. Propolis has been shown to be rejected by consumers due to its unique strong odor and color, so in this study, anti-inflammatory effects for NO and inflammation-related cytokines such as interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production were identified using propolis that effectively eliminated odors and the functionality for the effect was studied. As a result of measuring the rate of decrease of NO concentration, propolis and odorless propolis showed no decrease in concentration of 1μg/ml compared with the control, but showed significant decrease of about 74% at concentration of 10μg/ml. At a concentration of 10μg/ml of propolis, IL-1β production was reduced by about 49% and at a concentration of 10μg/ml of odorless propolis, IL-1β production was reduced by about 36% compared with the control. IL-6 production showed a decrease of about 66% and 43% at concentrations of 10μg/ml of propolis and odorless propolis, respectively, compared with the control. TNF-α production showed a decrease of about 62% and 60% at concentrations of 10μg/ml of propolis and odorless propolis, respectively, compared with the control. Based on these research results, it is expected to develop propolis material that has anti-inflammatory function and removes odors and to be used to applied to the development of health functional food technology.</p>
		</trans-abstract>
		<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author" xml:lang="en">
<title>K E Y W O R D S</title>
			<kwd>Odorless Propolis</kwd>
			<kwd>Anti-inflammation</kwd>
			<kwd>Raw264.7</kwd>
			<kwd>NO assay</kwd>
			<kwd>IL-1β</kwd>
			<kwd>IL-6</kwd>
		</kwd-group>
	</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec001" sec-type="intro">
	<title>1. 서 론</title>
	<p>프로폴리스(Propolis)라는 단어는 그리스어에서 유래 한 것으로, 'Pro'는 '앞' 또는 '입구'를 의미하고 'polis'는 '커뮤니티' 또는 '도시'를 의미하며, 벌집을 방어한다는 의미이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B001">1</xref>]. 프로폴리스는 꿀벌들이 만든 점착성을 가지는 수지성 물질로, 꿀벌이 침샘 분비물과 포플러, 야자, 소나무, 침엽수 분비물, 점액 및 잎과 같은 다양한 식물에서 만들어진 수지 성분과 혼합하여 벌집에 생긴 틈에 바른다. 식물들이 가지고 있는 다양한 생리활성을 나타내는 물질들은 바이러스 또는 박테리아 감염으로부터 벌집을 보호하기 위한 용도로 사용된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B002">2</xref>]. 꿀벌들은 함께 살기 때문에 벌에서 발생하는 감염이 벌집의 모든 벌에게 빠르게 퍼질 수 있기 때문에 사용되었다. 그리고, 벌집 내부의 약 35 ℃ 온도를 일정하게 유지하고, 일정한 습도를 유지하고 물 유입을 방지하기 위해 사용되었다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B003">3</xref>]. 원래는 미생물 감염으로 인한 벌집을 보호하기 위한 방부제로 사용되었으나, 수세기 동안 민간 요법에 사용되기도 하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B004">4</xref>]. 이를 응용하여 고대 이집트에서는 미이라에 사용되는 방부제로 프로폴리스를 사용하였으며, 남미 잉카제국에서는 염증제거와 해열제로 사용되었다. 1800년대 앵글로 보어(Anglo-Boer) 전쟁이나 제 2차 세계대전에서는 부상당한 병사들을 치료하기 위해 상처에 바셀린과 섞어 사용하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B005">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B006">6</xref>]. 17세기에 영국과 중국에서는 상처 치료와 항암 및 항염 치료제로 사용되었다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B007">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B008">8</xref>].</p>
	<p>프로폴리스는 대부분의 아시아 지역에서 생산되고 있으나, 아열대 기후의 남미지역에서는 15일 주기정도로 채취가 가능할 정도로 생산량이 특히 많다. 한국은 일반적으로 겨울을 제외한 기후에 프로폴리스를 채취하나, 생산량은 극히 적으며 대부분 생산 농가에서 자급하는 정도이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B009">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B010">10</xref>].</p>
	<p>프로폴리스의 생물학적 특성은 화학 성분, 식물원, 지리적 구역 및 계절에 따라 차이가 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B011">11</xref>]. 페놀성 화합물, 방향족산, 정유, 왁스 및 아미노산과 같은 300개 이상의 화합물이 프로폴리스에서 확인되었다. 다양한 생리활성을 갖는 화합물과 미네랄 등으로 구성된 복합물질은 에탄올, 메탄올, 클로로포름, 에테르 및 아세톤과 같은 적절한 용매로 상업적으로 추출되지만 에탄올이 가장 많이 사용되고 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B012">12</xref>]. 가장 중요한 물질인 플라보노이드(flavonoid)들은 식물의 여러 부분에 함유되어 있는 천연의 기능성 물질로 탄소를 기본 골격으로 구성되어 있는 담황색과 노란색을 띠고 있는 페놀계 화합물들이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B013">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B014">14</xref>]. 플라보노이드는 면역력 증강, 항산화, 항균·항염, 항바이러스, 항암 등의 생리활성 기능을 나타내는 프로폴리스의 가장 중요한 성분으로 보고되고 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B015">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B016">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B017">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B018">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B019">19</xref>].</p>
	<p>일반적으로 프로폴리스는 폴리페놀(polyphenol) (플라보노이드(flavonoids), 페놀산(phenolic acids) 및 에스테르(esters))[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B020">20</xref>], 페놀알데히드(phenolic aldehydes) 및 케톤(ketones) 등으로 이루어져 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B021">21</xref>]. 구체적으로는, 벤조산(benzoic acid), 갈산(gallic acid) 같은 유기산류, 페루라산(ferulic acid), 카페인산(caffeic acid), 파라-쿠마르산(p-coumaric acid), 계피산(cinnamic acid), 이소페루라산(isoferulic acid)과 같은 페놀산류와 방향족 알코올, 쿠마린류(courmarin), 플라본(flavone) 및 플라보놀(flavonol), 플라바논(flavonone), 비타민류 등 미량의 물질들이 많이 밝혀지고 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B010">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B015">15</xref>]. 위와 같은 물질들의 비율은, 수지 및 식물성 발삼과 같은 물질이 약 50%, 꿀벌 왁스와 같은 밀납이 약 30%, 휘발성 방향족 및 정유 등의 오일 성분이 약 10%, 꽃가루로 구성되어 있는 화분이 5%, 기타 미네랄 및 유기물 등으로 이루어져 있다고 보고되고 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B022">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B023">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B024">24</xref>].</p>
	<p>상업적으로 생산되는 프로폴리스 시료의 구성성분은 벌의 종류와 벌집 주변의 수지성분을 분비하는 수목 종류와 계절 및 기온에 따른 생산된 지리적 위치에 따라 달라질 수 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B025">25</xref>]. 치약, 구강 청결제, 크림, 젤, 기침 시럽, 와인, 케이크, 파우더, 비누, 껌 및 정제 형태로 상업적으로 판매되고 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B026">26</xref>]. 사탕, 샴푸, 초콜릿 바, 스킨 로션, 치약[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B027">27</xref>], 방부제[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B012">12</xref>] 등에도 사용되나, 하나의 벌집에서 1년 동안 생산하는 평균 추정 수집량은 150-200 g 으로 상품으로 만들 수 있는 양이 제한적이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B028">28</xref>].</p>
	<p>본 논문의 구성은 다음과 같다. 제 2장에서는 항염증에 효과적인 소재 개발에 필요한 재료 및 연구 방법에 대하여 기술한다. 제 3장에서는 냄새를 효과적으로 제거한 프로폴리스를 이용하여 NO 생성을 확인하고 염증 관련 사이토카인(cytokin)인 interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-6와 tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)의 생산을 확인하여 항염증 효과에 대한 연구 결과를 기술한다. 제 4장에서는 프로폴리스는 특유의 강한 냄새와 색깔로 인해 소비자들은 거부감을 나타내고 있기 때문에 연구가설을 입증한 결과를 바탕으로 건강 기능성 식품 기술개발에 활용될 수 있는 가능성에 대해 기술한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002">
	<title>2. 재료 및 방법</title>
		<sec id="sec002-1">
			<title>2.1 실험재료</title>
			<p>Nitric oxide(NO) 생성 억제 실험과 염증성 사이토카인 측정에 사용된 기질 및 효소, 그리고 Lipopolysaccaride(LPS)등은 Sigma제품을 사용하였다. NO assay는 NO assay kit (Abcam, USA)를 사용하였다. 한국산 프로폴리스는 ㈜서울프로폴리스로부터 구입 하였다.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec id="sec002-2">
			<title>2.2 Raw264.7 대식세포 배양</title>
			<p>Raw264.7 대식세포는 한국생명공학연구원에서 세포를 분양 받아 100 unit/ml의 penicillinstreptomycin 항생제 용액과 10%의 소 태아혈청(FBS, Fetal Bovine Serum)을 첨가한 dulbecco’s modified eagle’s 배지(DMEM, Gibco)를 사용하여 5% CO<sub>2</sub>가 공급되는 37℃ 세포배양기(Sanyo, Japan)에서 배양하여 사용하였다.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec id="sec002-3">
			<title>2.3 Nitric oxide 생성 억제 효과 측정</title>
			<p>nitric oxide 농도는 세포배양액 내에 존재하는 농도를 Griess reagent system을 이용하여 측정하였다. Raw 264.7 cells은 96well plates에 2×104 cells/well로 분주하여 24시간 동안 배양한 후 새로운 배양액으로 교체하였고 시료는 각각 1, 10 (μg/ml)의 농도와 lipopolysaccharide(LPS) 1μg/ml의 농도로 동시에 처리하여 다시 24시간 동안 배양하였다. N1 buffer 50㎕를 각 세포를 배양하고 있는 배양용기의 well에 처리하여 10분간 상온에서 반응한 후, N2 buffer 50㎕를 각 well에 처리하여 8분간 반응시켰다. 반응 후 540㎚에서 흡광도를 측정하였다. 3회 반복 실험으로 평균±표준편차로 나타냈으며 Nitrite standard의 농도별 표준곡선을 이용하여 배양액의 NO 농도를 결정하였다.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec id="sec002-4">
			<title>2.4 염증성 사이토카인 측정</title>
			<p>Raw 264.7 세포 내에서 염증성 사이토카인 IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α를 측정하기 위하여 luminex를 시행하였다. 12 well plate 배양용기에 Raw 264.7 세포를 2×10 cell/well이 되게 분주하였다. 24시간 동안 배양한 후, 시료를 각각 1, 10 (μg/ml)의 농도와 LPS 1μg/ml의 농도를 처리하여 24시간 동안 배양기에서 배양하였다. 원심분리 후 상등액에서 IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α를 Luminex(Texas, USA) 기기를 사용하여 측정하였으며 3회 반복 실험하여 평균으로 나타냈다.</p>
		</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003" sec-type="Results">
	<title>3. 실험결과</title>
	<sec id="sec003-1">
		<title>3.1 Nitric oxide 생성 억제 효과</title>
		<p>세포배양액 N(normal), LPS를 처리한 배양액 C(control), 그리고 Sample A(Propolis)와 B(무취 Propolis)를 처리한 세포 배양액에서 NO 농도를 측정하였다.</p>
		<fig id="f001" orientation="portrait" position="float">
			<label>그림 1.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>LPS에 의해 유도된 Raw 264.7 세포에서 NO 생성에 A(Propolis)과 B(무취 Propolis)가 미치는 영향</title>
				<p>Figure 1. Effects of A(Propolis)and B(Odorless Propolis) on LPS-induced NO production in Raw 264.7 cells</p>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002581804&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_02_275_f001.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple"></graphic>
		</fig>
		<p>감소율을 측정한 결과, C와 비교하여 A(Propolis)와 B(무취 Propolis)는 1μg/ml의 농도에서는 감소를 나타내지 않았지만, 10μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 74% 정도로 유의성 있는(*P&#x003C;0.001) NO의 감소를 나타냈다&#x003C;<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f001">그림 1</xref>&#x003E;.</p>
	</sec>
	<sec id="sec003-2">
		<title>3.2 IL-1β 억제효과</title>
		<p>프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스의 IL-1β 감소율을 측정한 결과, 프로폴리스는 1μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 17% 정도의 유의성 있는(P&#x003C;0.05) 감소를 나타냈고, 10μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 49% 정도의 유의성 있는(**P&#x003C;0.001) IL-1β의 감소를 나타냈다. 무취 프로폴리스는 1μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 15%의 감소를 나타냈고, 10μg/ml의 농도 에서는 약 36%의 감소를 나타냈으나 유의한 감소를 나타내지 않았다&#x003C;<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f002">그림 2</xref>&#x003E;.</p>
		<fig id="f002" orientation="portrait" position="float">
			<label>그림 2.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>LPS에 의해 유도된 Raw 264.7 세포에서 IL-1β 생성에 프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스가 미치는 영향</title>
				<p>Figure 2. Effects of LPS-induced IL-1β production by Propolis and Odorless Propolis in Raw 264.7 cells</p>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002581804&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_02_275_f002.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple"></graphic>
		</fig>
	</sec>
	<sec id="sec003-3">
		<title>3.3 IL-6 억제효과</title>
		<p>프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스의 IL-6 감소율을 측정한 결과, 프로폴리스는 1μg/ml의 농도에서 약 4% 정도의 감소를 나타냈고, 10μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 66% 정도의 유의성 있는(**P&#x003C;0.001) IL-6의 감소를 나타냈다. 무취 프로폴리스는 1μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 3%의 감소를 나타냈고, 10μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 43%의 감소를 나타냈으나 유의한 감소를 나타내지 않았다&#x003C;<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f003">그림 3</xref>&#x003E;.</p>
		<fig id="f003" orientation="portrait" position="float">
			<label>그림 3.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>LPS에 의해 유도된 Raw 264.7 세포에서 IL-6 생성에 프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스가 미치는 영향</title>
				<p>Figure 3. Effects of LPS-induced IL-6 production by Propolis and Odorless Propolis in Raw 264.7 cells</p>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002581804&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_02_275_f003.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple"></graphic>
		</fig>
	</sec>
	<sec id="sec003-4">
		<title>3.4 TNF-α 억제 효과</title>
		<p>프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스의 TNF-α 감소율을 측정한 결과, 프로폴리스는 1μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 35% 정도의 유의성 있는 감소를 나타냈고, 10μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 62% 정도의 유의성 있는 (***P&#x003C;0.001) TNF-α의 감소를 나타냈다. 무취 프로폴리스는 1μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 28%로 유의성 있는 감소를 나타냈으며, 10μg/ml의 농도에서는 약 60%의 유의성 있는(***P&#x003C;0.001) 감소를 나타냈다&#x003C;<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f004">그림 4</xref>&#x003E;.</p>
	</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec004" sec-type="Conclusion">
	<title>4. 결 론</title>
	<p>상업적으로 판매되고 있는 프로폴리스의 기능성 효과에 대해서는 많은 연구와 효과가 알려져 있다. 그러나, 프로폴리스 특유의 강한 냄새 때문에 기능성 약효에도 불구하고 소비자들이 쉽게 접근하기 어려운 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 강한 냄새를 제거한 프로폴리스의 상업화하기 위한 기본 연구를 위해 항염 활성을 측정하고 수행하였다.</p>
	<fig id="f004" orientation="portrait" position="float">
			<label>그림 4.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>LPS에 의해 유도된 Raw 264.7 세포에서 TNF-α 생성에 프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스가 미치는 영향</title>
				<p>Figure 4. Effects of LPS-induced TNF-α production by Propolis and Odorless Propolis in Raw 264.7 cells</p>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002581804&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_02_275_f004.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple"></graphic>
		</fig>
	<p>프로폴리스는 현재 항균제, 항염증제, 항바이러스제, 마취제, 항산화제[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B029">29</xref>], 항암제[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B002">2</xref>], 항고혈압제, 간독성 저해제[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B024">24</xref>] 등으로 사용될 수 있다고 알려져 있다. 프로폴리스가 가지고 있는 다양한 플라보노이드가 항염 활성을 보여주고 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B028">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B030">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B031">31</xref>]. 이들 화합물들은 백혈구가 생산하는 류코트리엔(leukotriene)과 프로스타글란딘(prostaglandin) 생성을 억제한다고 보고되었다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B032">32</xref>]. 페놀류인 CAPE(caffeic acid phenethyl ester)와 플라보놀류인 galangin과 같은 성분은 항염증 효과를 보였으며 쥐의 관절염 염증을 억제하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B025">25</xref>]. 브라질과 중국산 프로폴리스는 콜라겐 유발 관절염 쥐 동물 모델에서 효과를 나타냈다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B002">2</xref>].</p>
	<p>프로폴리스는 바이러스의 세포내 복제를 방해하고[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B002">2</xref>] 세포내 유입을 막음으로써 항바이러스 활성을 나타냈다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B033">33</xref>]. 프로폴리스의 isopentyl ferulated라는 화합물은 인플루엔자 바이러스 A1 Honey Kong(H3N2)에 대한 저해 활성을 나타냈다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B034">34</xref>]. 조류 인플루엔자 바이러스, 뉴캐슬병 바이러스, 헤르페스 점액 바이러스 및 인플루엔자 바이러스에 대한 항바이러스 활성을 나타냈다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B035">35</xref>]. 국내산 프로폴리스의 페놀성 화합물들은 항산화, 항균성[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B036">36</xref>], 항염증[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B037">37</xref>] 등의 다양한 생리활성을 가지고 있다고 보고되었다.</p>
	<p>NO 분자는 nitric oxide synthase (NOS)에 의해 Larginine으로부터 생성되며, 조직 손상, 세포 독성과 같은 염증성 반응을 심각하게 진행시킨다. 에탄올로 추출된 프로폴리스 25μg/ml의 농도에서 세포의 사멸 없이 NO 생성 감소를 유도하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B037">37</xref>]. 지난 연구에서 프로폴리스와 무취 프로폴리스 10μg/ml에서 세포 사멸이 없이 항산화 효과를 확인하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B038">38</xref>].</p>
	<p>단백질, 비타민, 무기질, 아미노산, 지방산, 식이섬유 중 영양소 1종 이상이 주원료이며, 이러한 영양소의 보충이 목적인 고시형 건강기능식품 원료로 등록되어 있는 프로폴리스 추출물로 사용할 수 있는 기능은 항산화와 구강내에서 항균효과로 규정되어 있으나[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B039">39</xref>], 항염증 효과에 대해 많은 연구보고가 있음에도 불구하고 아직 고시되어 있지 않다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 LPS에 의해 발생되는 NO 생성, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α의 생산을 확인한 결과, 기존의 프로폴리스가 가지고 있는 항염증효과는 냄새를 제거한 프로폴리스에서도 동일하게 유지가 되고 있음을 확인하였다. 항산화, 항균, 항염증 기능성을 나타내고 거부감이 있는 냄새를 제거한 프로폴리스 소재를 개발하여 건강 기능성 식품 기술 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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<ack>
<title>감사의 글</title>
<p>본 논문은 2019년도 배재대학교 교내학술연구비 지원에 의하여 수행된 것임</p>
</ack>
<bio>
	<p><graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002581804&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_02_275_f005.jpg"></graphic><bold>Junwon Lee</bold> received the bachelor and master’s degrees in Genetic Engineering from the PaiChai University in 1993 and 1996, respectively. He received the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Biotechnology from Yonsei University in 2001. From 2002 to 2008, he was a researcher at University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Chonnam National University Medical School. He has been a professor in the Department of Biomedicinal Science&#x26;Biotechnology at PaiChai University since 2008. His current research interests include functional materials for disease and biological convergence systems.</p>
	<p><italic>E-mail address</italic>: <email>junwon@pcu.ac.kr</email></p>
</bio>
</back>
</article>
