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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
	<journal-meta>
		<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jkits</journal-id>
		<journal-title-group>
		<journal-title>한국지식정보기술학회 논문지</journal-title>
		<journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Knowledge Information Technology and Systems</journal-title>
		</journal-title-group>
		<issn pub-type="ppub">1975-7700</issn>
		<publisher>
		<publisher-name>한국지식정보기술학회</publisher-name>
		<publisher-name xml:lang="en">Korea Knowledge Information Technology Society</publisher-name>
		</publisher>
	</journal-meta>
	<article-meta>
		<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jkits_2020_15_06_1047</article-id>
		<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34163/jkits.2020.15.6.013</article-id>
		<article-categories>
			<subj-group>
				<subject>Research Article</subject>
			</subj-group>
		</article-categories>
		<title-group>
			<article-title>성별, 연령, 혀 길이에 따른 국내 건강한 성인의 구강안면근의 차이 : 구강안면근력의 예비 표준화 연구</article-title>
			<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
				<trans-title>Differences in Orofacial Muscles According to Sex, Age, Length of Tongue by Korean Healthy Adult : Pilot Standardization Study of Orofacial Muscles</trans-title>
			</trans-title-group>
		</title-group>
		<contrib-group>
			<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
				<name-alternatives>
					<name name-style="eastern">
						<surname>원</surname>
						<given-names>영식</given-names>
					</name>
					<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
						<surname>Won</surname>
						<given-names>Young-Sik</given-names>
					</name>
				</name-alternatives>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
			</contrib>
			<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
				<name-alternatives>
					<name name-style="eastern">
						<surname>곽</surname>
						<given-names>유림</given-names>
					</name>
					<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
						<surname>Kwak</surname>
						<given-names>Yu-Rim</given-names>
					</name>
				</name-alternatives>
				<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
			</contrib>
			<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
				<name-alternatives>
					<name name-style="eastern">
						<surname>김</surname>
						<given-names>도희</given-names>
					</name>
					<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
						<surname>Kim</surname>
						<given-names>Do-hee</given-names>
					</name>
				</name-alternatives>
				<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
			</contrib>
			<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
				<name-alternatives>
					<name name-style="eastern">
						<surname>차</surname>
						<given-names>은영</given-names>
					</name>
					<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
						<surname>Cha</surname>
						<given-names>Eun-Young</given-names>
					</name>
				</name-alternatives>
				<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
			</contrib>
			<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
				<name-alternatives>
					<name name-style="eastern">
						<surname>문</surname>
						<given-names>종훈</given-names>
					</name>
					<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
						<surname>Moon</surname>
						<given-names>Jong-Hoon</given-names>
					</name>
				</name-alternatives>
				<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn001">*</xref>
				<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
			</contrib>	
					</contrib-group>
		<aff-alternatives id="A1">
			<aff><sup>1</sup><italic>신성대학교 작업치료학과 교수</italic></aff>
			<aff xml:lang="en"><italic>Department of Occupational Therapy, Shinsung University</italic></aff>
		</aff-alternatives>
		<aff-alternatives id="A2">
			<aff><sup>2</sup><italic>아벤스병원 작업치료실 작업치료사</italic></aff>
			<aff xml:lang="en"><italic>Department of Occupational Therapy, Avens Hospital</italic></aff>
		</aff-alternatives>
		<aff-alternatives id="A3">
			<aff><sup>3</sup><italic>국립교통재활병원 작업치료실 작업치료사</italic></aff>
			<aff xml:lang="en"><italic>Department of Occupational Therapy, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital</italic></aff>
		</aff-alternatives>
		<aff-alternatives id="A4">
			<aff><sup>4</sup><italic>경동대학교 작업치료학과 교수</italic></aff>
			<aff xml:lang="en"><italic>Department of Occupational Therapy, Kyungdong University</italic></aff>
		</aff-alternatives>
		<author-notes>
			<fn id="fn001"><label>*</label><p>Corresponding author is with the Department of Occupational Therapy, Kyungdong University, 815, Gyeonhwon-ro, Munmak-eup, Wonju-si, 26495, KOREA.</p><p><italic>E-mail address</italic>: <email>garnett231@naver.com</email></p></fn>
		</author-notes>
		<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
			<month>12</month>
			<year>2020</year>
		</pub-date>
		<volume>15</volume>
		<issue>6</issue>
		<fpage>1047</fpage>
		<lpage>1064</lpage>
		<history>
			<date date-type="received">
				<day>03</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</date>
			<date date-type="rev-recd">
				<day>14</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</date>
			<date date-type="accepted">
				<day>11</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</date>
		</history>
		<permissions>
			<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2020 KKITS All rights reserved</copyright-statement>
			<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
		</permissions>
		<abstract>
		<title>요약</title>
		<p>본 연구는 성별, 연령, 혀 길이에 따른 국내 건강한 성인의 구강안면근의 차이를 알고자 하였다. 국내 건강한 성인 300명이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 모든 대상자는 혀의 길이를 먼저 측정한 뒤, 혀 압력 강화 삼킴 훈련기(Tongue Pressure Strength-100; TPS-100)를 이용하여 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정했다. 대상자 선정을 위하여 60세 이상의 대상자에게는 한국판 간이 정신상태 검사(MMSE-K)를 진행하여 인지기능을 확인한 뒤 측정을 시도하였다. 성별에 따라 구강안면근의 차이를 비교해 봤을 때 일부 항목을 제외하고 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p&#x003E;.05). 연령에 따라 구강안면근의 차이를 비교해 봤을 때 높은 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p&#x003C;.01). 마지막으로 혀의 길이에 따라 혀의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정하였을 때 높은 유의한 음의상관관계를 보였다(p&#x003C;.01). 본 연구의 결과는 임상에서 기준치로 정해 삼킴장애 환자와 비교하여 중재를 통해 삼킴능력의 향상을 볼 수 있음을 의미한다.</p>
		</abstract>
		<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
		<title>ABSTRACT</title>
		<p>The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in the orofacial muscles according to the sex, the age, and the length of the tongue in Korean healthy adults. The present study was enrolled in Three hundred healthy adults in Korea. All subjects measured the length of the tongue first, and then measured the strength, the endurance, the accuracy and the timing of the orofacial muscles using the Tongue Pressure Strength-100 (TPS-100). In order to select the subjects, a Korean version of mini mental state examination was performed to check the cognitive function and to measure the strength, the endurance, the accuracy, and the timing of the orofacial muscles. The result showed that there was no significant difference of gender except for anterior tongue elevation and cheek compression (p&#x003E;.05), and there was a high negative correlation between the orofacial muscles and the age (p&#x003C;.01). And there was a significant negative correlation between the tongue length and the tongue strength, the endurance, the accuracy, and the timing (p&#x003C;.01). The current study provides to the literature on normal orofacial muscles strength, the endurance, the accuracy, the timing and indicates that the improvement on swallowing ability in persons with dysphagia by comparing patients with criteria.</p>
		</trans-abstract>
		<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author" xml:lang="en">
<title>K E Y W O R D S</title>
			<kwd>Orofacial muscles</kwd>
			<kwd>Tongue</kwd>
			<kwd>Strength</kwd>
			<kwd>Endurance</kwd>
			<kwd>Accuracy</kwd>
			<kwd>Dysphagia</kwd>
		</kwd-group>
	</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec001" sec-type="intro">
	<title>1. 서 론</title>
	<p>삼킴이란 입, 인두, 후두, 식도가 공동으로 협응하는 작용을 모두 수반하는 복잡한 활동을 의미한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B001">1</xref>]. 일반적으로 삼킴의 단계는 구강준비기, 구강기, 인두기, 식도기로 총 네 단계로 구분하고 있으며, 추가적으로 구강전기(anticipatory Phase)로도 나눌 수 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B002">2</xref>]. 구강준비기는 음식덩이를 씹거나 침과 섞는 과정을 포함하는 단계이며 구강기는 음식덩이를 구강 내에서 인두 쪽으로 보내는 과정을 의미한다. 인두기는 흡인(aspiration) 없이 구강인두에서 식도로 넘어가는 단계이고, 마지막으로 식도기는 식도에서 위까지 음식덩이가 지나가는 기간을 의미한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B003">3</xref>]. 구강 준비기와 구강기는 수의적으로 이루어지는 단계이며, 인두기와 식도기는 불수의적으로 이루어지는 단계이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B004">4</xref>].</p>
	<p>이러한 일련의 삼킴의 과정에서 구강기는 구강 준비 단계에서 형성된 음식덩이를 구강인두로 보내는 운반과정으로 혀의 움직임은 중요한 역할로써 작용한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B005">5</xref>]. 또한 구강 안면근은 혀가 음식덩이를 성공적으로 머금고, 조작할 수 있도록 하는데 잠재적으로 관련되어 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B006">6</xref>]. 삼킴 작용에 참여하는 구강안면근 중 입둘레근은 입을 닫아 입안에서 음식물이 앞쪽으로 흘러나오지 못하도록 막고 볼근은 볼의 긴장도를 유지하여 앞 고랑 혹은 옆고랑으로 음식물이 끼는 것을 막는 작용을 한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B007">7</xref>]. 이러한 구강안면근은 구강단계에서 혀가 경구개로 올라가며 인두쪽으로 음식덩이를 보낼 때 작용한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B008">8</xref>]. 또한 혀는 삼킴 혹은 저작에 있어 광범위한 역할로써 작용을 한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B006">6</xref>]. 혀는 기능적으로는 구강혀(oral tongue)와 인두혀(pharyngeal tongue)로 나눌 수 있으며, 구강혀는 말을 하거나 삼킴을 할 때 작용하는 혀로써 수의적으로 작용하는 혀를 의미하며 인두혀는 인두기에 작용하는 혀로써 일부 불수의적으로 작용하는 혀를 의미한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B009">9</xref>]. 혀는 가로무늬 근으로 내재근과 외재근으로 나누어 구분한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B010">10</xref>]. 혀 안에서 시작해서 혀 안에서 혀 내재근은 혀수직근, 혀가로근, 혀위세로근, 혀아래세로근으로 나뉘고 혀 밖에서 시작해서 혀로 끝나는 외재근에는 붓혀근, 목뿔혀근, 턱끝혀근, 입천장혀근으로 나뉜다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B011">11</xref>]. 일반적으로 혀의 외재근은 구강 내에서 혀를 움직이는 역할로써 수행하며 혀의 내재근은 혀의 모양을 변화시키는 역할로써 수행된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B012">12</xref>].</p>
	<p>혀의 기능에서의 손상(근력의 제한 혹은 느려진 움직임 어느 하나라도)은 삼킴 동안 혀가 경구개(hard palate)를 누르는 힘을 감소시킬 수 있는데 이는 기능적으로 음식덩이를 조절하거나 효율적으로 음식덩이를 뒤로 보내는 것을 방해할 수 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B013">13</xref>]. 혀 근력의 결핍은 심각한 말하기와 삼킴에 장애를 야기할 수 있으며 건강에 영향을 미칠 뿐 아니라 삶의 질에도 영향을 미치기 때문에 매우 중요한 요소이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B014">14</xref>]. 또한 구강안면근의 약화는 음식덩이를 적절히 만들고 끌어오는 능력을 손상시킬 수 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B015">15</xref>]. 이를 삼킴장애라고 한다.</p>
	<p>삼킴장애는 음식물이 입에서부터 위까지 내려가는 과정에 문제가 있는 상태를 지칭한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B016">16</xref>]. 해부학적 혹은 생리학적 삼킴장애는 삼킴의 어떤 단계에서도 발생할 수 있으며 삼킴장애가 발생했을 때 환자들은 구강은 통한 영양공급이 적절해지지 못하여 필요한 약을 공급받는 것에도 문제가 발생한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B007">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B017">17</xref>]. 삼킴장애를 갖고 있는 환자들은 구강을 통해 음식을 씹고 삼키고 싶은 강한 욕망을 가지고 있어, 그들이 입으로 음식을 먹는 것이 허용되지 않음에도 불구하고, 여전히 의료진이 없을 때는 소량의 물이나 음식을 입으로 먹는 모습을 보인다고 보고했다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B018">18</xref>]. 그래서 삼킴장애가 있는 경우 통상적으로 관을 통해 식이를 진행하는 것이 추천되어 진다.</p>
	<p>먹기는 평생 동안 일어나는 일이며 지속적인 생존을 위해 필수적이고 기본적인 활동이다. 또한 이는 오감을 만족시켜 개개인에게 매우 의미 있는 정서적 안정을 제공하는 매우 의미 있는 활동이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B019">19</xref>]. 그러나 구강이 아닌 관을 통한 식이를 지속할 경우 생명유지는 지속될지 모르나 음식에 의해 제공되는 다양한 기능은 상실되어 사회적 관계와 정신적인 것을 포함한 모든 부분에 영향을 끼치게된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B020">20</xref>]. 삼킴이 삶의 질에 중요한 영향을 미치는것이 중요하게 여겨짐에 따라 구강을 통한 식이 또한 중요하게 여겨지고 있다. 구강식이에 영향을 미치는 단계인 구강기에 문제가 발생했을 때는 불 완전한 입술의 닫힘, 외과적 혹은 신경학적 원인에 의한 볼근의 긴장도 저하, 외과적 혹은 정신적 외상에 의한 아래턱의 움직임 저하, 혀의 협응적 움직임 범위 저하, 혀의 위/앞-뒤쪽 움직임에 있어 큰 문제가 발생하게 된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B007">7</xref>].</p>
	<p>구강안면근의 감각 혹은 운동이 감소된 환자는 삼킴 후 혀, 입안 등에 음식덩이가 남아있을 수 있으며 혀, 입술 등의 구강안면근의 약화나 협응의 저하에 의해서 구강 내 이동시간이 지연될 수 있고, 혀 기능의 감소는 다른 구강인두 근육의 손상과 더불어 나타나 구강 내 음식덩이가 이동되는 능력이 감소하게 된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B005">5</xref>]. 이러한 이유를 근거로 구강기에 주요하게 사용되는 구강안면근육의 강화를 목적으로 구강안면운동을 실시했을 때 구강 주변의 근력과 범위가 개선되어 지연된 구강 및 인두이동시간을 감소시키는 결과를 야기했다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B021">21</xref>]. 또한 모든 삼킴과정 중에 작용하며 약화 시 삼킴장애를 유발하는 혀의 정적 혀 수축을 통한 혀의 근력을 강화하는 중재를 실시하였을 때 노화로 인한 근력감소를 줄이는 것에서도 효과가 있을 뿐만 아니라 삼킴기능의 향상과 흡인성 폐렴이나 영양실조, 탈수 등으로 인한 의료비를 감소시키는 효과도 야기할 수 있는 것을 확인하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B022">22</xref>]. 이처럼 구강안면근 및 혀의 근력의 중요성이 입증되면서 구강안면근의 구성요소에 대한 연구들과, 최대 정적 혀의 근력, 삼킴 동안 혀 근력에 관한 연구들이 실시되어졌다. Park 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B023">23</xref>]은 국내 건강한 성인 341명을 대상으로 IOPI(Iowa Oral Performance Instrument)를 이용하여 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력을 측정하였고 성별과 연령에 따른 변화를 관찰하였을 때 남성이 여성보다 강한 근력을 보였으며 연령이 증가할수록 구강안면근이 유의하게 감소하였다고 보고하였다. 그러나 지금까지 구강안면근의 근력을 측정하는 장치는 휴대성이 용이하고 측정이 쉬운 이점이 있으나 측정단위가 킬로파스칼로 미세한 측정이 어렵다고 하였다. 구강안면근에 대한 체계적 문헌고찰에서 혀의 근력과 지구력의 규준자료를 제시하고 근력과 지구력이 나이, 성별, 의학적 상태에 영향을 받는 것에 대한 가능성이 연구되어져 왔으나 다양한 점도 혹은 액상의 삼킴을 할 때혀의 압력이 정확하게 작용하여야 안전하게 삼킴이 가능함에도 불구하고 구강안면근의 정확도와 타이밍과 나이, 성별과의 관계에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B024">24</xref>].</p>
	<p>Narici 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B025">25</xref>]은 근력과 지구력은 근육의 크기에 따라서도 달라질 수 있고, 근력이 증가할 때 근육의 총 수축시간과 근육에 부과된 기능의 증가로 최대근력을 증진시킬 수 있는 이점이 있다고 보고했다. 하지만 큰 근육과는 다르게 혀의 길이와 근력과의 관계는 찾아보기가 힘들었다. 또한 Marchesam[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B026">26</xref>]는 혀의 길이와 말하기에 대한 상관관계를 연구하였으나 혀의 길이와 삼킴과의 연관성에 대한 연구는 찾기 힘들었다.</p>
	<p>따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 건강한 성인을 대상으로 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정하여 건강한 성인 표준치와 환자의 현재 수치를 비교하여 임상에서 기준치로 적용하고, 환자의 구강안면근과 비교하여 삼킴 능력의 향상을 목표로 하고자 한다.</p>
	<p>본 저자의 가설은 다음과 같다.</p>
	<p>첫째, 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍은 남성이 여성보다 우세할 것이다.</p>
	<p>둘째, 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도와 타이밍은 나이가 적은 사람이 나이가 많은 사람에 비해 우세할 것이다.</p>
	<p>셋째, 혀의 길이가 길수록 혀의 기능이 높을 것이다.</p>
	<p>본 논문의 구성은 다음과 같다. 2장 연구방법에서는 연구대상, 측정도구, 연구절차 및 분석방법에 대해 기술한다. 3장에서 연구결과는 성별에 따른 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍 비교, 그리고 연령과 혀 길이에 따른 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍 사이의 상관관계, 그리고 표준화 결과를 제시하였다. 4장에서는 논의 및 결론을 맺는다.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002">
	<title>2. 연구방법</title>
	<sec id="sec002-1">
		<title>2.1 연구대상</title>
		<p>본 연구는 2018년 6월부터 10월까지 국내 건강한 성인 119명을 대상으로 하였다. 연령대에 해당하는 남자 59명, 여자 60명을 섭외하여 고른 연령 분포가 되도록 하였다. 선행연구는 대상자 남, 여를 각각 연령별로 젊은층, 중년층, 노년층으로 그룹을 나누어 진행하였으나, 좀 더 구체적인 정보를 얻기 위해 각 세대별로 연령을 균등하게 선발하여 진행하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B001">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B023">23</xref>]. 인터뷰를 통해 연구에 동의한 성인을 대상으로 하였으며 대상자의 선정기준은 첫째, 인지기능에 장애가 없는 자, 둘째, 정상적인 구강구조와 기능을 가지고 있는 자, 셋째, 삼킴장애 및 신경학적 병변이 없는 자, 넷째, 구강에 대한 수술 경력이 없는 자로 하였다. 제외기준은 첫째, 뇌졸중을 포함한 신경학적 질환의 경험이 있는자, 둘째, 삼킴과 말하기에 있어 구조적 또는 신경학적 손상이 있는 자, 셋째, 부정교합 및 안면비대칭인 자, 넷째, 현재 치아교정 및 틀니를 착용한 자, 다섯째, 실험 진행에 있어 지시사항을 따르기 어려운 경우와 실험 자세를 유지할 수 없거나 실험 자세를 유지하는데 방해요인이 있는 자, 여섯째, 심각한 언어, 시각, 청각에 장애가 있는 자로 하였다. 연구자는 모든 대상자에게 서면을 통한 동의를 얻은 후 실험 전 연구방법과 절차에 대해 대상자가 숙지할 수 있도록 한 뒤 실험을 진행하였다.</p>
	</sec>
	<sec id="sec002-2">
		<title>2.2 측정도구</title>
		<p>본 연구에서 건강한 한국인을 판별하기 위해 한국판 간이 정신상태 검사, 혀 압력 강화 삼킴 훈련기(Tongue Pressure Strength-100; TPS-100)을 이용하여 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정하였으며 혀의 길이 측정을 실시하였다.</p>
		<sec id="sec002-2-1">
			<title>2.2.1 한국판 간이 정신상태 검사(MMSE-K; Korean version of Mini Mental State Examination)</title>
			<p>본 연구에서는 60세 이상의 한국인에게 한국판 간이 정신상태 검사(MMEK-K; Korean version of Mini Mental State Examination)을 실시하여 인지기능을 확인하였다. 한국판 간이 정신상태 검사는 노인 중 무학이 많다는 것을 고려하여 기존의 간이 정신상태 검사의 문항과 채점방식을 변형하여 개발한 도구이다. 이 검사는 기억 등록, 기억 회상, 주의집중 및 계산, 언어 기능, 이해 및 판단 항목으로 구성되며, 총점이 30점으로 되어 있다. 24점 이상은 정상, 20~23점은 치매의심, 19점 이하는 확정적 치매로 분류한다. 이 검사의 검사자긴 신뢰도는 .99이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B028">28</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B029">29</xref>].</p>
		</sec>
		<sec id="sec002-2-2">
			<title>2.2.2 혀 압력 강화 삼킴 훈련기(Tongue Pressure Strength-100; TPS-100)</title>
			<p>각 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정하기 위하여 혀 압력 강화 삼킴 훈련기(TPS-100)를 이용하여 측정하였다. TPS-100은 기기, 그리고 연결선과 공기벌브로 구성되어 있으며 공기가 들어있는 벌브를 누르면 압력이 연결선을 통해 연결된 기기 본체로 들어가 압력을 산출할 수 있는 기기이다. TPS-100은 블루투스를 이용하여 안드로이드 기반의 스마트폰 혹은 태블릿에 연결하여 사용할 수 있으며 구강 내에서 혀가 누르는 압력을 측정하고 이 값을 기반으로 하여 다양한 치료 교육을 할 수 있는 기기이다. TPS-100은 압력의 측정값을 헥토파스칼(hPa)단위로 하여 볼 수 있다. 치료교육은 총 4가지 종류로(근력게임, 지구력게임, 정확도게임, 타이밍게임) 구성되어 있고 블루투스를 이용하여 연결된 화면을 보면서 진행하기 때문에 바이오피드백(biofeedback)이 가능하며 결과 값을 쉽게 그래프로 볼 수도 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B030">30</xref>].</p>
		</sec>
		<sec id="sec002-2-3">
			<title>2.2.3 혀 길이 측정</title>
			<p>본 연구에서 혀 길이와 혀의 근력간의 상관관계를 확인하기 위하여 혀 길이를 측정하였다. 혀의 길이는 혀를 최대한 길게 내밀었을 때 아래 앞니에서부터 혀의 끝부분까지의 길이를 측정하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B031">31</xref>].</p>
		</sec>
	</sec>
	<sec id="sec002-3">
		<title>2.3 연구절차</title>
		<p>모든 연구 내 절차를 진행할 때 대상자들은 연구자들에 의해 충분한 설명을 통해 내용을 숙지한 뒤 실시하였다. 대상자들은 높이가 적당하고 팔걸이와 등받이가 있는 의자에 앉아서 평가를 진행하였으며 의자에 앉았을 때 허리를 적절히 피고 팔걸이에 팔을 편안하게 올려놓은 자세로 평가를 진행하기로 사전에 협의 후 실시하였다. 연구자들은 대상자의 혀 길이를 먼저 측정한 뒤 TPS-100을 이용하여 Clark[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B006">6</xref>]의 방법에 따라 각 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정하였다.</p>
		<sec id="sec002-3-1">
			<title>2.3.1 TPS-100을 이용한 측정</title>
			<p>본 연구에서 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정하기 위해 TPS-100을 통하여 측정을 시도하였다. 대상자들은 1회기만 측정에 참여하였으며 혀 올림(tongue elevation), 볼 압박(cheek compression), 입술 압박(lip compression)항목에 대해서 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정하였다. 각 측정은 총 3회씩 진행하였으며 각 회기 사이마다 30초의 휴식을 제공하며 측정하였다. 측정 시 측정위치는 대상자마다 다르게 시도하였으나 측정 위치마다 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍 순으로 측정하였다. 구강안면근의 근력을 측정 시에 연구자는 측정자는 “힘주세요.” 혹은 “강하게 누르세요.”와 같은 말로 대상자의 동기를 유발 하였고, 대상자가 최대의 힘을 사용하여 측정할 수 있도록 교육 했다. 지구력은 1분 동안 측정하였으며 최대 근력 값의 50% 혹은 그 이상을 유지할 수 있도록 지시하였고 블루투스로 연결된 휴대폰 화면 혹은 태블릿 화면을 보면서 측정을 시도 하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B032">32</xref>]. 정확도는 최대 근력 값의 20% ~90% 사이에 세 구간을 나누어 측정하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B033">33</xref>]. 타이밍은 블루투스로 연결된 휴대폰 화면 혹은 태블릿 화면을 보면서 측정을 시도 하였으며 20% ~ 90% 사이 구간에서 천천히 힘을 빼는 방법을 통해 측정을 진행하였다.</p>
			<sec id="sec002-3-1-1">
				<title>2.3.1.1 혀 올림(Tongue elevation)</title>
				<p>혀 올림은 앞쪽과 뒤쪽으로 나누어 측정을 하였다. 앞쪽 혀 올림의 측정위치는 경구개의 치조융선 뒤쪽에 공기벌브를 길게 위치시키는 것으로 연구자가 벌브 손잡이를 잡아 고정한 뒤 혀로 눌러 측정하였다. 뒤쪽 혀 올림의 측정위치는 경구개와 어금니가 맞닿는 부분으로 측정위치에 공기벌브를 길게 위치시킨 뒤 연구자가 벌브 손잡이를 잡아 고정한 뒤 혀로 눌러 측정하였다.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec id="sec002-3-1-2">
				<title>2.3.1.2 볼 압박(Cheek compression)</title>
				<p>볼 압박의 측정위치는 공기벌브를 어금니와 볼 사이에 위치시킨 뒤 연구자가 벌브 손잡이를 잡아 고정시킨 후 입을 천천히 다물게 한다. 벌브가 볼에 닿을 수 있도록 강하게 누르라고 지시하여 측정한다.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec id="sec002-3-1-3">
				<title>2.3.1.3 입술 압박(Lip compression)</title>
				<p>입술 압박은 두 개의 설압자 사이에 공기벌브를 고정시켜 입술 정중선에 위치시켜 측정한다. 대상자는 턱의 힘을 배제하기 위해 이를 살짝 문 상태로 입술을 앞으로 내밀어 윗입술과 아래 입술로 설압자를 고정한 뒤 입술로 물어 측정을 하였다.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</sec>
	<sec id="sec002-4">
		<title>2.4 분석방법</title>
		<p>수집한 모든 자료는 SPSS 22를 사용하여 분석하였다. 대상자의 일반적 특성은 빈도분석으로 확인하였으며, 성별에 따른 비교는 독립 t 검정을 사용하였다. 상관관계수를 알아보기 위하여 피어슨 상관분석을 실시하였다. 유의수준은 .05로 설정하였다.</p>
	</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003" sec-type="Results">
	<title>3. 결 과</title>
	<sec id="sec003-1">
		<title>3.1 대상자의 일반적 특성</title>
		<p>대상자의 일반적 특성에서 성별은 남자 49.6%, 여자 50.4%였으며, 나이는 평균 47.5세 이었으며 혀 길이는 3.3cm 이었다(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
		<table-wrap id="t001">
			<label>표 1.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>대상자의 일반적 특성</title>
				<p>Table 1. General characteristics in subjects</p>
			</caption>
			<table frame="box" rules="rows" width="100%">
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"><p>Subjects (n=119)</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Mean±SD</p></td>
<td><p>N (%)</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Gender</p></td>
<td><p>Male</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>59(49.6)</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>Female</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>60(50.4)</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Age (years)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>47.5±19.2</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Tongue length (cm)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>3.3±0.7</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Anterior tongue (mean)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>254.2±103.6</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>83.8±15.8</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>77.6±16.5</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>84.7±14.0</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Posterior tongue (mean)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>284.3±123.1</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>79.1±16.5</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>69.0±18.1</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>79.9±17.1</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Buccinator (mean)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>179.2±63.3</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>89.8±20.6</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>79.6±18.7</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>85.2±15.9</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Orbicularis oris (mean)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>155.9±74.0</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>87.1±12.4</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>78.4±14.9</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>86.3±16.7</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
		</table-wrap>
	</sec>
	<sec id="sec003-2">
		<title>3.2 성별에 따른 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍 차이 비교</title>
		<p>성별에 따른 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 비교해 봤을 때 앞쪽 혀 올림과 볼 압박의 근력에서 남성이 여성보다 유의하게 높은 것을 볼 수 있었으며(p&#x003C;.05), 앞쪽 혀 올림의 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍, 뒤쪽 혀 올림의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍, 볼 압박의 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍, 입술의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p&#x003E;.05)(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t002">Table 2</xref>).</p>
	</sec>
	<sec id="sec003-3">
		<title>3.3 연령과 혀 길이와 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍과의 상관관계</title>
		<table-wrap id="t002">
			<label>표 2.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>성별에 따른 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍 비교</title>
				<p>Table 2. Comparison of strength, endurance, accuracy, timing of orofacial muscle according to gender</p>
			</caption>
			<table frame="box" rules="rows" width="100%">
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>Male (n=59)</p></td>
<td><p>Female (n=60)</p></td>
<td><p>p</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Age (years)</p></td>
<td><p>47.5±20.1</p></td>
<td><p>47.6±18.5</p></td>
<td><p>0.976</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Tongue length (cm)</p></td>
<td><p>3.3±0.8</p></td>
<td><p>3.3±0.6</p></td>
<td><p>0.679</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Anterior tongue (mean)</p></td>
<td><p>274.0±116.0</p></td>
<td><p>234.8±86.5</p></td>
<td><p>0.039*</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td><p>83.1±17.6</p></td>
<td><p>84.5±13.9</p></td>
<td><p>0.061</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td><p>77.8±16.3</p></td>
<td><p>77.5±16.9</p></td>
<td><p>0.093</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td><p>86.4±12.6</p></td>
<td><p>83.0±15.2</p></td>
<td><p>0.183</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Posterior tongue (mean)</p></td>
<td><p>289.4±138.6</p></td>
<td><p>279.3±106.6</p></td>
<td><p>0.659</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td><p>76.9±19.0</p></td>
<td><p>81.3±13.5</p></td>
<td><p>0.149</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td><p>69.3±18.7</p></td>
<td><p>68.6±17.6</p></td>
<td><p>0.795</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td><p>78.2±18.4</p></td>
<td><p>81.5±15.6</p></td>
<td><p>0.298</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Buccinator (mean)</p></td>
<td><p>195.8±65.4</p></td>
<td><p>162.9±57.2</p></td>
<td><p>0.004**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td><p>88.0±21.5</p></td>
<td><p>91.7±19.6</p></td>
<td><p>0.325</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td><p>78.2±18.4</p></td>
<td><p>81.1±18.9</p></td>
<td><p>0.409</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td><p>86.2±15.4</p></td>
<td><p>84.2±16.6</p></td>
<td><p>0.484</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Orbicularis oris (mean)</p></td>
<td><p>166.5±73.0</p></td>
<td><p>145.5±74.2</p></td>
<td><p>0.122</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td><p>87.7±12.6</p></td>
<td><p>86.5±12.2</p></td>
<td><p>0.597</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td><p>79.8±14.9</p></td>
<td><p>76.9±14.9</p></td>
<td><p>0.299</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td><p>86.1±16.9</p></td>
<td><p>86.6±16.5</p></td>
<td><p>0.855</p></td>
</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
	<table-wrap-foot>
<p>Values are expressed as mean±SD.</p>
<p>*p&lt;.05, **p&lt;.01, ***p&lt;.001</p>
	</table-wrap-foot>
		</table-wrap>
		<p>연령과 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍과의 상관관계를 비교해 봤을 때 모든 항목에서 모두 높은 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있었다(p&#x003C;.01). 혀 길이와 혀의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍과의 상관관계를 비교해 봤을 때 모든 항목에서 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있었다(p&#x003C;.05)(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t003">Table 3</xref>).</p>
	</sec>
	<sec id="sec003-4">
		<title>3.4 연령에 따른 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍</title>
		<p>연령에 따른 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정치는 다음 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t004">Table 4</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t005">7</xref>)과 같다. 연령별 집단은 20-29세, 30-39세, 40-49세, 50-59세, 60-69세, 70-79세, 80세 이상으로 나누어 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도 타이밍을 측정하였다. 일부항목을 제외하고 30-39세의 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍이 다른 연령보다 높은 것을 볼 수 있었다.</p>
		<table-wrap id="t003">
			<label>표 3.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>연령과 혀 길이에 따른 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍 사이의 상관관계 (n=119)</title>
				<p>Table 3. Relationship of age, tongue length, strength, endurance, accuracy, timing of orofacial muscles</p>
			</caption>
			<table frame="box" rules="rows" width="100%">
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>Age</p></td>
<td><p>TL (cm)</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Age</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>TL (cm)</p></td>
<td><p>0.109</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>AT (mean)</p></td>
<td><p>-0.315***</p></td>
<td><p>-0.273**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>AT endurance</p></td>
<td><p>-0.612**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.292**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>AT accuracy</p></td>
<td><p>-0.696**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.182**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>AT timing</p></td>
<td><p>-0.562**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.198**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>PT (mean)</p></td>
<td><p>-0.455**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.263**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>PT endurance</p></td>
<td><p>-0.429**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.277**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>PT accuracy</p></td>
<td><p>-0.614**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.282**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>PT timing</p></td>
<td><p>-0.563**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.262**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Bu (mean)</p></td>
<td><p>-0.346**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.310**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Bu endurance</p></td>
<td><p>-0.426**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.156</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Bu accuracy</p></td>
<td><p>-0.654**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.05</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Bu timing</p></td>
<td><p>-0.648**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.067</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>O (mean)</p></td>
<td><p>-0.353**</p></td>
<td><p>0.240**</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>O endurance</p></td>
<td><p>-0.406**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.121</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>O accuracy</p></td>
<td><p>-0.681**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.187*</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>O timing</p></td>
<td><p>-0.720**</p></td>
<td><p>-0.300**</p></td>
</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
	<table-wrap-foot>
<p>Value are expressed as Pearson correlation coefficient.</p>
<p>TL: Tongue Length; AT: Anterior Tongue; PT: Posterior</p>
<p>Tongue; Bu: Buccinator; O: Orbicularis oris</p>
<p>p&lt;.01**, p&lt;.001***</p>

	</table-wrap-foot>
		</table-wrap>
	</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec004" sec-type="Conclusion">
	<title>4. 고 찰</title>
	<p>본 연구에서는 국내 건강한 성인을 대상으로 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍을 측정하여 건강한 성인 표준치를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 결과를 기반으로 저자는 함의하였다.</p>
	<p>첫째, 남성이 여성보다 앞쪽 혀 올림과 볼 압박 근력에서 유의하게 높았고 나머지 뒤쪽 혀 올림과 입술 압박에서는 차이가 없었다. Jeong 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B034">34</xref>]의 연구에 의하면 IOPI를 이용하여 국내 정상인의 최대 혀 올림근력과, 볼 압박근력, 입술 압박근력을 측정하였을 때 최대 혀 올림 근력과 볼 근력에서는 남자가 여자보다 높은 근력을 보이며 입술 압박에서는 성별의 차이가 없다고 보고하였는데, 이 결과는 본 연구와 일치한다. 하지만 Park 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B023">23</xref>]의 연구에 따르면 앞쪽 혀 올림, 뒤쪽 혀 올림, 볼 압박, 입술 압박의 모든 근력에서 남자가 여자보다 높은 근력을 가진다고 보고하였다. 이는 본 연구의 결과와 일치하였다. 하지만 Clark 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B006">6</xref>]의 연구에서는 앞쪽 혀 올림과 뒤쪽 혀 올림에서는 성별간의 차이가 없지만 볼과 입술압박에서는 남자의 근력이 여자보다 높다고 보고하였는데, 이는 남성이 근육의 크기가 여성보다 큰 것도 있지만 측정 시 일부 남성 대상자들은 볼과 입술압박에 대한 근력측정을 시도할 때 이를 이용하여 압박을 해서 남자의 근력이 좀 더 높게 나온 것으로 보아진다고 하였다.</p>
	<p>둘째, 혀 올림, 볼 압박, 입술 압박의 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍에서는 성별에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. Adams등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B024">24</xref>]의 체계적 연구에서 대부분 의학적으로 건강한 성인들을 대상으로 IOPI를 사용하여 앞쪽 혀 올림에 대한 지구력을 측정하였을 때 명백한 성별에 대한 영향은 없는 것을 보고하였으며, Crow 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B035">35</xref>]의 연구에서도 혀의 지구력에는 성별의 차이가 없으며 그 이유에 대해서 밝혀지지 않았다고 보고하였다. 또한 송윤경[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B036">36</xref>]의 연구에서 건강한 한국인을 대상으로 혀의 지구력을 측정하였을 때 성별에 따른 혀의 지구력 차이가 없다는 것을 보고하였는데, 이는 본 연구의 결과와 일치하였다. 하지만 Vanderwegen 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B037">37</xref>]의 연구에 따르면 뒤쪽 혀 올림의 지구력에서는 성별의 차이가 없었으나, 앞쪽 혀 올림에서 남자의 지구력이 여자보다 높다고 보고하였다. Jeong 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B034">34</xref>]의 연구에서도 건강한 한국인을 대상으로 혀와, 입술, 볼의 지구력을 측정하였을 때, 혀와 볼의 지구력에서는 성별의 차이를 볼 수 없었지만 입술 압박의 지구력에서는 성별의 차이를 보인다고 보고하였는데, 본 연구에서의 결과와 일치하지 못한 것을 볼 수 있었다.</p>
	<p>셋째, 나이가 증가함에 따라서 혀 올림, 볼 압박, 입술 압박 근육의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍이 모든 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. Crow 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B035">35</xref>]은 IOPI를 사용하여 건강한 성인의 손과 혀의 근력과 지구력을 측정하였을 때 연령이 증가할수록 근력이 감소한다고 보고하였다. 또한 송윤경[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B036">36</xref>]의 연구에서도 건강한 성인을 세대별로 나누어 근력을 측정하였을 때 연령이 높은 집단의 근력이 연령이 낮은 집단보다 근력이 낮았고 청년그룹과 노년그룹, 중년그룹과 노년 그룹을 비교하였을 때 근력의 차이가 유의한 것을 보고하였는데, 이는 본 연구의 결과와 동일한 것을 볼 수 있다. 노화과정 동안 근골격계나 호흡계, 순환계, 면역계의 기능이 감소하게 되는데 이는 체력저하, 소화기능 저하, 식욕 저하 등을 유발하며 신체 활동량을 감소시켜 신진대사율을 떨어뜨리게 된다. 이는 근골격계의 기능저하로 이어져 골감소증과 골다공증을 유발 및 항산화기능을 저하시켜 체내 활성산소를 증가시키는 원인이 된다. 활성산소의 증가는 면역기능을 저하시키고 근감소증(sarcopenia)을 유발한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B038">38</xref>]. 근감소증은 전체적인 골격근의 전체적인 근섬유 수와 크기를 감소시키며[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B039">39</xref>], 근섬유 수와 크기의 감소는 근력의 저하 및 낮은 수준의 움직임을 유발한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B040">40</xref>]. 또한 노화과정에서 고유수용감각의 저하도 동반될 수 있는데[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B041">41</xref>], 고유수용감각의 저하는 입과혀의 위치감각을 저하시켜, 고유수용감각을 보상하기 위해 삼킴 동안 비효율 적인 움직임을 만들어 원래의 움직임보다 정확하지 못한 움직임을 만들게 된다고 하였다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B042">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B043">43</xref>]. 이러한 근감소증과 감소된 고유수용감각은 본 연구에서 연령이 증가할수록 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍이 감소하는 결과를 뒷받침 한다.</p>
	<p>넷째, 혀 길이와 혀의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍 사이에서는 모두 높은 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 혀의 길이가 길수록 혀의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍이 좋다는 결과를 보여준다. 근육의 크기와 근력 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 있으며 근육의 크기가 클수록 근력이 증가하게 되고, 근력은 운동을 만드는 주요 변수로서 작용한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B044">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B045">45</xref>]. 따라서 근육의 크기가 클수록 근력이 증가하며 근력의 증가는 근육의 움직임을 정교하게 만들어 본 연구의 결과를 뒷받침하게 된다.</p>
	<table-wrap id="t004">
			<label>표 4.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>건강한 성인의 앞쪽 혀 올리기 능력 (n=119)</title>
				<p>Table 4. Strength, endurance, accuracy, timing of anterior tongue elevation in healthy adults</p>
			</caption>
			<table frame="box" rules="rows" width="100%">
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>N</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Age</p><p>(yrs)</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Mean</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>SD</p></td>
<td colspan="3">Percentiles</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td><p>50</p></td>
<td><p>75</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>266.3</p></td>
<td><p>94.6</p></td>
<td><p>200.1</p></td>
<td><p>247.5</p></td>
<td><p>336.9</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>313.7</p></td>
<td><p>130.3</p></td>
<td><p>214.8</p></td>
<td><p>299.9</p></td>
<td><p>458.1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>267.7</p></td>
<td><p>74</p></td>
<td><p>214.9</p></td>
<td><p>247.5</p></td>
<td><p>337.8</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Anterior tongue</p><p>(mean)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>245.9</p></td>
<td><p>121.2</p></td>
<td><p>178</p></td>
<td><p>221.2</p></td>
<td><p>255.1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>223</p></td>
<td><p>76</p></td>
<td><p>132</p></td>
<td><p>217.8</p></td>
<td><p>286.8</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>204.6</p></td>
<td><p>92.4</p></td>
<td><p>131</p></td>
<td><p>173.1</p></td>
<td><p>289.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>188</p></td>
<td><p>50</p></td>
<td><p>167.7</p></td>
<td><p>186</p></td>
<td><p>216.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>92.1</p></td>
<td><p>7.1</p></td>
<td><p>88.7</p></td>
<td><p>94.3</p></td>
<td><p>97.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>93.8</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>92</p></td>
<td><p>96</p></td>
<td><p>99</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>90.3</p></td>
<td><p>8.2</p></td>
<td><p>86</p></td>
<td><p>93</p></td>
<td><p>96.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>77.9</p></td>
<td><p>16.6</p></td>
<td><p>60.2</p></td>
<td><p>77.5</p></td>
<td><p>93.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>75.1</p></td>
<td><p>9.1</p></td>
<td><p>68.3</p></td>
<td><p>70.5</p></td>
<td><p>81</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>72.4</p></td>
<td><p>19.6</p></td>
<td><p>49.5</p></td>
<td><p>74.4</p></td>
<td><p>91.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>63.3</p></td>
<td><p>19.6</p></td>
<td><p>45.5</p></td>
<td><p>61.6</p></td>
<td><p>79.9</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>87.3</p></td>
<td><p>8.1</p></td>
<td><p>81.3</p></td>
<td><p>88.3</p></td>
<td><p>94.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>91.6</p></td>
<td><p>6.2</p></td>
<td><p>87</p></td>
<td><p>93</p></td>
<td><p>95.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>84.2</p></td>
<td><p>12.7</p></td>
<td><p>81.3</p></td>
<td><p>88.3</p></td>
<td><p>90.8</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>73.2</p></td>
<td><p>13.2</p></td>
<td><p>61.3</p></td>
<td><p>74.3</p></td>
<td><p>83.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>66</p></td>
<td><p>12.2</p></td>
<td><p>54.5</p></td>
<td><p>65</p></td>
<td><p>78.8</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>58.9</p></td>
<td><p>15.4</p></td>
<td><p>4.9</p></td>
<td><p>62.5</p></td>
<td><p>71</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>56.8</p></td>
<td><p>13.3</p></td>
<td><p>44</p></td>
<td><p>58</p></td>
<td><p>67.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>92.2</p></td>
<td><p>7.3</p></td>
<td><p>88.3</p></td>
<td><p>95.3</p></td>
<td><p>97.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>93.8</p></td>
<td><p>8.2</p></td>
<td><p>93.5</p></td>
<td><p>96</p></td>
<td><p>98.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>87.7</p></td>
<td><p>11.1</p></td>
<td><p>84.3</p></td>
<td><p>91.6</p></td>
<td><p>95.2</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>80.9</p></td>
<td><p>13.2</p></td>
<td><p>67.9</p></td>
<td><p>85.8</p></td>
<td><p>89.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>78.6</p></td>
<td><p>9.5</p></td>
<td><p>68</p></td>
<td><p>78</p></td>
<td><p>81.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>79.8</p></td>
<td><p>16.7</p></td>
<td><p>63</p></td>
<td><p>76.2</p></td>
<td><p>86</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>70.4</p></td>
<td><p>18.5</p></td>
<td><p>58</p></td>
<td><p>72.3</p></td>
<td><p>83</p></td>
</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
		</table-wrap>
		<table-wrap id="t005">
			<label>표 5.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>건강한 성인의 뒤쪽 혀 올리기 능력 (n=119)</title>
				<p>Table 5. Strength, endurance, accuracy, timing of posterior tongue elevation in healthy adults</p>
			</caption>
			<table frame="box" rules="rows" width="100%">
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>N</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Age</p><p>(yrs)</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Mean</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>SD</p></td>
<td colspan="3">Percentiles</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td><p>50</p></td>
<td><p>75</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>301.5</p></td>
<td><p>92.4</p></td>
<td><p>249.9</p></td>
<td><p>293.5</p></td>
<td><p>369.7</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>393.4</p></td>
<td><p>159.1</p></td>
<td><p>240.6</p></td>
<td><p>427.3</p></td>
<td><p>454.9</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>292.5</p></td>
<td><p>92.6</p></td>
<td><p>223.1</p></td>
<td><p>293.5</p></td>
<td><p>363.1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Posterior</p><p>tongue (mean)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>273.2</p></td>
<td><p>130.7</p></td>
<td><p>198.8</p></td>
<td><p>220.4</p></td>
<td><p>399.7</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>257.3</p></td>
<td><p>40.5</p></td>
<td><p>222.3</p></td>
<td><p>257.7</p></td>
<td><p>278.1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>200.5</p></td>
<td><p>70.4</p></td>
<td><p>124</p></td>
<td><p>215.6</p></td>
<td><p>268.1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>148</p></td>
<td><p>59.7</p></td>
<td><p>107.6</p></td>
<td><p>119.9</p></td>
<td><p>204.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>83.9</p></td>
<td><p>10.9</p></td>
<td><p>80.7</p></td>
<td><p>86</p></td>
<td><p>90.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>86.4</p></td>
<td><p>12.1</p></td>
<td><p>80.5</p></td>
<td><p>89.3</p></td>
<td><p>95.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>80.1</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>74.5</p></td>
<td><p>83.3</p></td>
<td><p>88.2</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>79.7</p></td>
<td><p>14.7</p></td>
<td><p>62.5</p></td>
<td><p>82.7</p></td>
<td><p>90.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>78.5</p></td>
<td><p>8.2</p></td>
<td><p>77</p></td>
<td><p>79</p></td>
<td><p>83.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>72.1</p></td>
<td><p>22.9</p></td>
<td><p>49</p></td>
<td><p>81.6</p></td>
<td><p>88</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>55.3</p></td>
<td><p>25.2</p></td>
<td><p>33.5</p></td>
<td><p>50</p></td>
<td><p>78.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>79.3</p></td>
<td><p>12.4</p></td>
<td><p>76.2</p></td>
<td><p>81</p></td>
<td><p>85.8</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>79.9</p></td>
<td><p>11.7</p></td>
<td><p>74</p></td>
<td><p>80.3</p></td>
<td><p>88.1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>75.6</p></td>
<td><p>11.5</p></td>
<td><p>68.2</p></td>
<td><p>78</p></td>
<td><p>81.7</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>62.8</p></td>
<td><p>12.1</p></td>
<td><p>55.1</p></td>
<td><p>64</p></td>
<td><p>72.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>59.4</p></td>
<td><p>16.1</p></td>
<td><p>47.5</p></td>
<td><p>62.1</p></td>
<td><p>69.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>52.5</p></td>
<td><p>15.3</p></td>
<td><p>47.3</p></td>
<td><p>54</p></td>
<td><p>61</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>48.3</p></td>
<td><p>25.3</p></td>
<td><p>26</p></td>
<td><p>52.3</p></td>
<td><p>61.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>88.8</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>85.7</p></td>
<td><p>91.3</p></td>
<td><p>94.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>87.5</p></td>
<td><p>10.6</p></td>
<td><p>86.2</p></td>
<td><p>90</p></td>
<td><p>94.2</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>83</p></td>
<td><p>15.2</p></td>
<td><p>77.8</p></td>
<td><p>87</p></td>
<td><p>92.2</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>78.6</p></td>
<td><p>10.8</p></td>
<td><p>70.6</p></td>
<td><p>16.8</p></td>
<td><p>89</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>74.6</p></td>
<td><p>16.8</p></td>
<td><p>67.5</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>86</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>67.3</p></td>
<td><p>19.1</p></td>
<td><p>52</p></td>
<td><p>75</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>56.8</p></td>
<td><p>25.4</p></td>
<td><p>32</p></td>
<td><p>57.6</p></td>
<td><p>78.5</p></td>
</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
		</table-wrap>
		<table-wrap id="t006">
			<label>표 6.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>건강한 성인의 볼 압박 능력 (n=119)</title>
				<p>Table 6. Strength, endurance, accuracy, timing of buccinator compression in healthy adults</p>
			</caption>
			<table frame="box" rules="rows" width="100%">
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>N</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Age</p><p>(yrs)</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Mean</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>SD</p></td>
<td colspan="3">Percentiles</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td><p>50</p></td>
<td><p>75</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>179</p></td>
<td><p>61.9</p></td>
<td><p>127.2</p></td>
<td><p>173.1</p></td>
<td><p>219.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>237.2</p></td>
<td><p>34.2</p></td>
<td><p>213.4</p></td>
<td><p>233.9</p></td>
<td><p>267.4</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>185.4</p></td>
<td><p>64.6</p></td>
<td><p>131.6</p></td>
<td><p>193.8</p></td>
<td><p>227.2</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Buccinator</p><p>(mean)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>170.6</p></td>
<td><p>54.9</p></td>
<td><p>122.1</p></td>
<td><p>172.1</p></td>
<td><p>221.9</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>164.6</p></td>
<td><p>71</p></td>
<td><p>116.1</p></td>
<td><p>146.5</p></td>
<td><p>221.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>139.4</p></td>
<td><p>45.4</p></td>
<td><p>110.5</p></td>
<td><p>126.5</p></td>
<td><p>156</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>131.1</p></td>
<td><p>56.5</p></td>
<td><p>87.5</p></td>
<td><p>101.1</p></td>
<td><p>187.4</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>96.4</p></td>
<td><p>9.8</p></td>
<td><p>97</p></td>
<td><p>99</p></td>
<td><p>100</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>98.8</p></td>
<td><p>3.2</p></td>
<td><p>98.3</p></td>
<td><p>99</p></td>
<td><p>100</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>93</p></td>
<td><p>12.8</p></td>
<td><p>94</p></td>
<td><p>98</p></td>
<td><p>98</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>89.4</p></td>
<td><p>37.4</p></td>
<td><p>84</p></td>
<td><p>96.6</p></td>
<td><p>99.8</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>85.1</p></td>
<td><p>9.8</p></td>
<td><p>76.7</p></td>
<td><p>86</p></td>
<td><p>93</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>80.7</p></td>
<td><p>22.9</p></td>
<td><p>67.3</p></td>
<td><p>91</p></td>
<td><p>100</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>64.8</p></td>
<td><p>26.4</p></td>
<td><p>35</p></td>
<td><p>69</p></td>
<td><p>93.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>91</p></td>
<td><p>10.4</p></td>
<td><p>87.3</p></td>
<td><p>94.3</p></td>
<td><p>98</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>91.4</p></td>
<td><p>8.8</p></td>
<td><p>96.3</p></td>
<td><p>92.3</p></td>
<td><p>98.7</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>83.2</p></td>
<td><p>14.4</p></td>
<td><p>72.6</p></td>
<td><p>86.6</p></td>
<td><p>94.7</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>77</p></td>
<td><p>11.9</p></td>
<td><p>67.6</p></td>
<td><p>77</p></td>
<td><p>81.1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>69.8</p></td>
<td><p>17.9</p></td>
<td><p>55</p></td>
<td><p>71</p></td>
<td><p>84.2</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>60.7</p></td>
<td><p>20.2</p></td>
<td><p>19.3</p></td>
<td><p>55</p></td>
<td><p>84.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>57.3</p></td>
<td><p>22.9</p></td>
<td><p>36</p></td>
<td><p>54</p></td>
<td><p>81.7</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>95.7</p></td>
<td><p>5.3</p></td>
<td><p>91.7</p></td>
<td><p>98</p></td>
<td><p>100</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>96.7</p></td>
<td><p>4.6</p></td>
<td><p>95.5</p></td>
<td><p>99</p></td>
<td><p>100</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>87.6</p></td>
<td><p>13.6</p></td>
<td><p>84.3</p></td>
<td><p>90</p></td>
<td><p>96.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>78.3</p></td>
<td><p>18.7</p></td>
<td><p>59.5</p></td>
<td><p>86.5</p></td>
<td><p>91.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>76.7</p></td>
<td><p>11.2</p></td>
<td><p>66</p></td>
<td><p>76</p></td>
<td><p>83.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>71.9</p></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>54</p></td>
<td><p>78.3</p></td>
<td><p>84.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>65.1</p></td>
<td><p>13.3</p></td>
<td><p>56.7</p></td>
<td><p>62</p></td>
<td><p>75.3</p></td>
</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
		</table-wrap>
		<table-wrap id="t007">
			<label>표 7.</label>
			<caption>
				<title>건강한 성인의 입술 압박 능력 (n=119)</title>
				<p>Table 7. Strength, endurance, accuracy, timing of lip compression in healthy adults</p>
			</caption>
			<table frame="box" rules="rows" width="100%">
<tbody align="center">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>N</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Age</p><p>(yrs)</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Mean</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>SD</p></td>
<td colspan="3">Percentiles</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td><p>50</p></td>
<td><p>75</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>179.6</p></td>
<td><p>99.9</p></td>
<td><p>87.9</p></td>
<td><p>142</p></td>
<td><p>257</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>189.2</p></td>
<td><p>41.7</p></td>
<td><p>171.9</p></td>
<td><p>190.6</p></td>
<td><p>201.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>160.8</p></td>
<td><p>94</p></td>
<td><p>88.4</p></td>
<td><p>110.6</p></td>
<td><p>253.1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Orbicularis oris</p><p>(mean)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>141.8</p></td>
<td><p>50.9</p></td>
<td><p>103.3</p></td>
<td><p>131.5</p></td>
<td><p>180.6</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>133</p></td>
<td><p>31.8</p></td>
<td><p>118.6</p></td>
<td><p>130.1</p></td>
<td><p>150.8</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>119.5</p></td>
<td><p>50.3</p></td>
<td><p>98.2</p></td>
<td><p>119.6</p></td>
<td><p>150.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>109.1</p></td>
<td><p>46.7</p></td>
<td><p>68.2</p></td>
<td><p>104.6</p></td>
<td><p>154</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>91.5</p></td>
<td><p>11.3</p></td>
<td><p>86.5</p></td>
<td><p>95.6</p></td>
<td><p>99</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>90.6</p></td>
<td><p>12.9</p></td>
<td><p>88</p></td>
<td><p>98</p></td>
<td><p>99</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>89.8</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>82.3</p></td>
<td><p>96.6</p></td>
<td><p>98</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Endurance (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>87.1</p></td>
<td><p>7.7</p></td>
<td><p>79.6</p></td>
<td><p>89.3</p></td>
<td><p>93.8</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>83.4</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>80.5</p></td>
<td><p>85</p></td>
<td><p>88</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>80.9</p></td>
<td><p>13.4</p></td>
<td><p>70.6</p></td>
<td><p>85</p></td>
<td><p>89.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>74.3</p></td>
<td><p>12.1</p></td>
<td><p>70</p></td>
<td><p>74</p></td>
<td><p>84</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>88.1</p></td>
<td><p>9.4</p></td>
<td><p>82.3</p></td>
<td><p>90.3</p></td>
<td><p>96</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>89.5</p></td>
<td><p>9.8</p></td>
<td><p>87.8</p></td>
<td><p>93</p></td>
<td><p>96.1</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>81.6</p></td>
<td><p>11.7</p></td>
<td><p>71.5</p></td>
<td><p>85.3</p></td>
<td><p>92</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Accuracy (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>72.1</p></td>
<td><p>12.7</p></td>
<td><p>61</p></td>
<td><p>72.8</p></td>
<td><p>80.9</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>89.9</p></td>
<td><p>11.8</p></td>
<td><p>61</p></td>
<td><p>67.5</p></td>
<td><p>81.5</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>64.7</p></td>
<td><p>10.8</p></td>
<td><p>52.8</p></td>
<td><p>65</p></td>
<td><p>75.7</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>59.1</p></td>
<td><p>11.6</p></td>
<td><p>49.2</p></td>
<td><p>53</p></td>
<td><p>72.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>20-29</p></td>
<td><p>95.9</p></td>
<td><p>4.8</p></td>
<td><p>95</p></td>
<td><p>96.6</p></td>
<td><p>99.2</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>30-39</p></td>
<td><p>97.5</p></td>
<td><p>2.3</p></td>
<td><p>96.8</p></td>
<td><p>98</p></td>
<td><p>99.3</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>40-49</p></td>
<td><p>93.5</p></td>
<td><p>5.9</p></td>
<td><p>93.1</p></td>
<td><p>95</p></td>
<td><p>96.7</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p>Timing (%)</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>50-59</p></td>
<td><p>82.7</p></td>
<td><p>12.5</p></td>
<td><p>76.3</p></td>
<td><p>85.5</p></td>
<td><p>92.2</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>60-69</p></td>
<td><p>78.9</p></td>
<td><p>13.8</p></td>
<td><p>69.5</p></td>
<td><p>83</p></td>
<td><p>91</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>70-79</p></td>
<td><p>73.1</p></td>
<td><p>20.4</p></td>
<td><p>60.3</p></td>
<td><p>78</p></td>
<td><p>90</p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>≧ 80</p></td>
<td><p>53.9</p></td>
<td><p>17.2</p></td>
<td><p>37.7</p></td>
<td><p>61</p></td>
<td><p>65</p></td>
</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
		</table-wrap>
	<p>본 연구의 제한점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본 연구의 대상자가 수도권에 집중되어 있기 때문에, 한국인의 대표성을 띄기 어렵다. 둘째, 측정 시 주변 환경이 정리되지 않아 대상자가 집중하기에 어려웠다. 그러므로 추후 연구에서는 위의 제한점을 보완하고 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍이 삼킴과 어떤 상관관계를 보이는지 혀의 길이와 혀의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍 간의 상관관계가 삼킴장애를 갖는 환자에게 어떤 중요성을 띄는지에 대해서 추가적으로 활발한 연구를 진행해야 할 것이다.</p>
	<p>결론으로, 성별에 따라서는 일부항목을 제외하고 남성이 여성보다 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍이 높았으나 유의하지 않았다(p&#x003E;.05). 연령에 따라서는 연령이 낮을수록 구강안면근의 근력, 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍이 좋다는 높은 상관관계를 보였다(p&#x003C;.01). 마지막으로 혀의 길이에 따라서 혀의 근력과 지구력, 정확도, 타이밍은 높은 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p&#x003C;.01). 이러한 결과는 임상에서 기준치로 적용하여 삼킴장애를 가진 환자에게 구강안면근의 중재를 통해 삼킴능력의 향상을 볼 수 있는 것을 의미한다. 또한 구강안면근의 근력과 지구력에 대한 연구는 많이 진행되었으나 정확도와 타이밍에 대한 연구는 부족한데 본 연구에서 측정한 데이터는 앞으로 이루어질 연구에 도움이 될 것으로 판단한다.</p>
</sec>
</body>
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<bio>
	<p><graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002663776&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_06_1047_f001.jpg"></graphic><bold>Young-Sik Won</bold> received the bachelor’s degree in the Department of Rehabilitation Science from the Yonsei University in 1998. He received the M.S. degree in the Rehabilitation Science from Yonsei University in 2009. He has been a professor in the Department of Occupational Therapy at Shinsung University since 2013. His current research interests include dysphagia rehabilitation, hand therapy, cognition. He is a regular member of the KKITS.</p>
	<p><italic>E-mail address</italic>: <email>otwys9494@naver.com</email></p>
	<p><graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002663776&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_06_1047_f002.jpg"></graphic><bold>Yu-Rim Kwak</bold> received a bachelor's degree in the Department of Occupational Therapy from Shinsung University in 2019. She has been working as a occupational therapist in the Avens Rehabilitation Hospital since 2017. Her current research experiments include Occupational therapy, Dysphagia. She is a regular member of the KKITS.</p>
	<p><italic>E-mail address</italic>: <email>rhkrdbfla28@naver.com</email></p>
	<p><graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002663776&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_06_1047_f003.jpg"></graphic><bold>Do-hee Kim</bold> received a bachelor's degree in the Department of Occupational Therapy from Shinsung University in 2019. He has been working as a occupational therapist at National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital in Yang pyeong since 2017. His current research experiments include Dysphagia, Occupational science, Occupational therapy and Hand therapy. He is a regular member of the KKITS.</p>
	<p><italic>E-mail address</italic>: <email>doheesf12@kakao.com</email></p>
	<p><graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002663776&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_06_1047_f004.jpg"></graphic><bold>Eun-Young Cha</bold> received a bachelor's degree in the Department of Occupational Therapy from Shinsung University in 2019. She has been working as a occupational therapist in the Avens Rehabilitation Hospital since 2017. Her current research experiments include Occupational therapy, Dysphagia. She is a regular member of the KKITS.</p>
	<p><italic>E-mail address</italic>: <email>ot_cey@naver.com</email></p>
	<p><graphic xlink:href="../ingestImageView?artiId=ART002663776&amp;imageName=jkits_2020_15_06_1047_f005.jpg"></graphic><bold>Jong-Hoon Moon</bold> received the M.S. degree in the Department of Occupational Therapy from Gachon University in 2017. He has been a professor in the Department of Occupational Therapy at Kyungdong University since 2020. His current research interests include dysphagia and healthcare. He is a regular member of the KKITS.</p>
	<p><italic>E-mail address</italic>: <email>garnett231@naver.com</email></p>
</bio>
</back>
</article>
