KJCKorea
Journal Central

Purpose: This study is highly anticipated to reduce unfair judgment in Taekwondo demonstration games as a qualitative study done on the recognition, problems and development plans of Taekwondo breaking demonstration competitions through research subjects composed of referees with experience in Taekwondo breaking demonstration competitions. Furthermore, if unified competition rules are applied regardless of the event organizer, it can be used as basic data for establishing objective grounds for Taekwondo demonstration events as a sport. Method: This study used the purposeful sampling method, a non-probability sampling method, as a representative method of qualitative research and selected 5 people who have experience as a referee in Taekwondo breaking demonstration competitions. The study participants include 4 men and 1 woman who are in their 30s and 40s. They possess Taekwondo Grade 6 or 7, and 2 of them have 5 years or less referee experience and 3 had 6 years or more referee experience. After explaining the purpose of the study and the contents of the interviews to the study participants, the participants were asked to respond through telephone recording in a stable atmosphere for the researcher to directly collect the data. The interviews were recorded using a call recording function of Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra for about 40 minutes, and the recorded data were analyzed through a transcription process using an LG laptop. Results: Breaking demonstration competition referees' perception of the competitions was found as follows; ‘characteristics of Taekwondo breaking demonstration competition', 'advantages', 'disadvantages', and 'injury prevention and emergency response.' Breaking demonstration competition referees' perception of the scoring of the competition was found as follows; ‘demonstration terminologies', 'evaluation methods', and 'referee qualifications.’ Breaking demonstration competition referees' perception of the development plans of the competition was found as follows; ‘development potentials', 'need for scoring criteria', 'establishment of scoring terminology’, 'enhancement of referee expertise', and 'safety accidents.’ Conclusion: First, the perception of breaking demonstration competition referees toward the demonstration competitions was analyzed as the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and emergency response of the breaking demonstration. Second, the perception of breaking demonstration competition referees toward the scoring was found to be demonstration terminologies, evaluation methods and referee qualifications. Third, the perception of breaking demonstration competition referees toward the development plan for breaking demonstration competitions was observed to be development potentials, need for scoring criteria, establishment of scoring terminology, enhancement of referee expertise and safety accidents.

Purpose: The study was conducted to verify how sports motivations affect sports goal orientations for middle school soccer players. In order to achieve the goal of this study, a survey was conducted on 338 middle school soccer players to analyze the collected data. The conclusions of the analysis are as follows. Method: In this study, the data collected through the questionnaire was analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Frequency analysis was conducted to identify the demographic and statistical characteristics of the study participants, and the reliability coefficient(Cronbach'α) was calculated to determine the stability, consistency, and predictability of the measurement tools for each item. One-way ANOVA was conducted to find out how the demographic variables of middle school soccer players differed in sports motivation and sports goal orientation. In addition, multiple regression analysis was conducted to verify how sports motivations of middle school soccer players affect their sports goal orientations. The significance level of all the statistics was set at .05. Result: First, the analysis of the differences in sports motivation according to the school year of middle school soccer players showed statistically significant differences in self-control and amotivation factors. Second, an analysis of the differences in sports motivation according to the athletic career of middle school soccer players showed statistically significant differences in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and amotivation factors. Third, an analysis of the effect of middle school soccer players' sports motivation on sports goal orienta-tion showed that self-control was a factor in task orientation and that there were statistically significant differ-ences in intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on the ego orientation. Suggestions: Suggestions for future studies based on the results of this study include the following. This study was conducted only for middle school students, so subsequent studies would be meaningful if they were conduct-ed on high school and college students as well. And a study on the differences between teenagers, college stu-dents, and regular soccer players will also be meaningful. It would also be meaningful if there were studies that identified not only sports motivation and sports goal orientation but also relationships with various variables and qualitative studies that could find in-depth causes.

Purpose: This study compared the characteristics of body composition, physique, physical fitness factors, and isokinetic muscle function by grade in middle school soccer players. Method: The results of analyzing differences in body composition and physique, physical fitness factors, and isokinetic muscle function by grade(38 in 1st grade, 46 in 2nd grade, 21 in 3rd grade) targeting 105 soccer play-ers in S city middle school are as follows. Results: Body composition and physique factors there were significant differences by grade in height, weight, upper limb length, lower limb length, sitting height, and arm span. The post-verification of the main effects showed that height and weight were significantly higher for the second and third graders than for the first grad-ers. For upper and lower limb length, the third graders were significantly longer than the first graders, while for sitting height, the second and third graders were significantly higher than the first graders. Fingertips were found to be significantly longer in the third graders than in the first and second graders. In physical strength factors, back muscle strength, grip strength, push-ups, sargent jump, standing long jump, side steps, shuttle run, and trunk forward flexion, trunk backward flexion, visual perception reaction, lung capacity showed significant differ-ences by grade. As a result of post-hoc verification of the main effects by grade, the second and third graders were significantly higher than the first graders in back strength, grip strength(left, right), push-ups, and standing long jump. Sargent jump and side steps were found to be significantly higher as the grade increased, and shuttle run, visual perception reaction, and lung capacity were significantly higher for the third graders than for the first grad-ers. Compared to the first and second graders, the third graders were significantly higher in trunk forward and backward flexion. In isokinetic muscular functions measured at 60 degrees of angular velocity, there were signifi-cant differences by grade in left extensor per weight(%BW), right extensor(Nm), left extensor(Nm), left flexor per weight(%BW), right flexor(Nm), and left flexor(Nm). As a result of the post-hoc verification of the main effects by grade, the third graders were significantly higher than the first graders in left extensor per weight(%BW), and the second graders were significantly higher than the first graders in right extensor(Nm), left extensor(Nm), left flexor per weight(%BW), right flexor(Nm), and left flexor(Nm). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the body composition, physique, physical strength factors, and isokinetic muscle function of middle school soccer players differed by grade, and considering that the less than four years of their career during the fast-growing period, the results of this study should be fully reflected in the planning of the training program.