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Diversity of Korean Translations of the Neck Disability Index and their Current Uses: A Scoping Review

  • Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
  • Abbr : J Korean Soc Phys Med
  • 2026, 21(1), pp.97~106
  • Publisher : The Korean Society of Physical Medicine
  • Research Area : Medicine and Pharmacy > Physical Therapy > Other physical therapy
  • Received : November 1, 2025
  • Accepted : December 2, 2025
  • Published : February 28, 2026

Ga-Haeng Lee 1,  Suhn-Yeop Kim ORD ID 1

1대전대학교

Accredited

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: In the absence of an official, authorized Korean version of the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and amid the coexistence and mixed use of unofficial translations, this scoping review aimed to map the types, characteristics, and uses of Korean-language NDI translations in Korea to identify key issues. METHODS: A single reviewer searched Korean databases (RISS, DBpia, KCI, KoreaMed; 2015-2025), screened records, and charted data (with data extraction verification) according to Arksey-O’Malley, Levac et al., and PRISMAScR guidance. A descriptive synthesis was conducted. RESULTS: Of 94,404 records, 515 studies were included after screening. Four unofficial Korean translations used in 159/515 (30.9%) studies were identified. The remaining 356/515 (69.1%) used questionnaires of unknown origin or modified versions of such questionnaires. The rules for handling missing responses were reported in only 13/515 (2.5%). Unauthorized inclusion of full questionnaires as appendices occurred in 158/515 (30.7%), and arbitrary changes to the scoring or scale structure were made in 20/515 (3.9%). CONCLUSION: In the absence of an official Korean NDI, unofficial, unknown-source, and modified versions are widely used, resulting in copyright and ethical risks and a weakened score for comparability and validity. The poor reporting of missing data handling and scoring rules exacerbated these issues. The Mapi Research TrustClick or tap here to enter text., the copyright and licensing body responsible for the NDI, oversees the official Korean version and should adopt a single standard and institutionalize core reporting requirements, including mandatory license verification and restrictions on posting full questionnaires as appendices.

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