Carbon nanotubes–properties and applications: a review

Khalid Saeed Ibrahim

Carbon nanotubes–properties and applications: a review

Carbon Letters
Abbr : Carbon Lett.
2013, 14(3), pp.131-144
Publisher : Korean Carbon Society
Research Area : Natural Science > Natural Science General > Other Natural Sciences General

Khalid Saeed Ibrahim ¹

¹University of Malakand

Accredited

ABSTRACT

The carbon nanotube (CNT) represents one of the most unique inventions in the field of nanotechnology. CNTs have been studied closely over the last two decades by many researchers around the world due to their great potential in different fields. CNTs are rolled graphene with SP2 hybridization. The important aspects of CNTs are their light weight, small size with a high aspect ratio, good tensile strength, and good conducting characteristics, which make them useful as fillers in different materials such as polymers, metallic surfaces and ceramics. CNTs also have potential applications in the field of nanotechnology, nanomedicine, transistors,actuators, sensors, membranes, and capacitors. There are various techniques which can be used for the synthesis of CNTs. These include the arc-discharge method, chemical vaporize deposition (CVD), the laser ablation method, and the sol gel method. CNTs can be single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled. CNTs have unique mechanical, electrical and optical properties, all of which have been extensively studied. The present review is focused on the synthesis, functionalization, properties and applications of CNTs. The toxic effect of CNTs is also presented in a summarized form.

KEYWORDS

carbon nanotube, synthesis, functionalization, toxic effect of CNTs

Citation status

This is the result of checking the information with the same ISSN, publication year, volume, and start page between the WoS and the KCI journals. (as of 2023-01-02)

Total Citation Counts(KCI+WOS) (182) This is the number of times that the duplicate count has been removed by comparing the citation list of WoS and KCI.

* References for papers published after 2023 are currently being built.

[journal] Wagner FE / 2000 / Before striking gold in gold-ruby glass / Nature 407 : 691~

[journal] Franks A / 1987 / Nanotechnology / J Phys E 20 : 1442~

[confproc] Taniguchi N / 1974 / On the basic concept of ‘nano-technology’ / Proceedings of the International Conference on Production Engineering

[journal] Kroto HW / 1985 / C60: buckminsterfullerene / Nature 318 : 162~

[journal] Iijima S / 1991 / Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon / Nature 354 : 56~

[journal] Radushkevich LV / 1952 / O strukture ugleroda, obrazujucegosja pri termiceskom razlozenii okisi ugleroda na zeleznom kontakte (About the structure of carbon formed by thermal decomposition of carbon monoxide on iron substrate) / Zurn Fisic Chim 26 : 88~

[journal] Lau AKT / 2002 / The revolutionary creation of new advanced materials--carbon nanotube composites / Composites B 33 : 263~

[journal] Iijima S / 1993 / Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter / Nature 363 : 603~

[journal] Geim AK / 2007 / The rise of graphene / Nature Mater 6 : 183~

[journal] Sheshmania S / 2013 / Wood plastic composite using graphene nanoplatelets / Int J Biol Macromol 58 : 6~

[journal] Saether E / 2003 / Transverse mechanical properties of single walled carbon nanotube crystals. Part I: determination of elastic moduli / Compos Sci Technol 63 : 1543~

[journal] Pichler T / 2007 / Molecular nanostructures: carbon ahead / Nature Mater 6 : 332~

[book] Ajayan PM / 2004 / Bulk metal and ceramics nanocomposites, In Nanocomposite Science and Technology / Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. : 1~

[journal] Dresselhaus MS / 2003 / Nanowires and nanotubes / Mater Sci Engg: C 23 : 129~

[journal] Prasher RS / 2009 / Turning carbon nanotubes from exceptional heat conductors into insulators / Phys Rev Lett 102 : 105901~

[journal] Ahmad A / 2012 / Carbon nanotubes, science and technology part (I) structure, synthesis and characterization / Arabian J Chem 5 : 1~

[journal] Ebbesen TW / 1992 / Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes / Nature 358 : 220~

[journal] Bethune DS / 1993 / Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls / Nature 363 : 605~

[journal] Journet C / 1997 / Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique / Nature 388 : 756~

[journal] Thess A / 1996 / Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes / Science 273 : 483~

[journal] Mamalis AG / 2004 / Nanotechnology and nanostructured materials: trends in carbon nanotubes / Precis Eng 28 : 16~

[journal] Li WZ / 1996 / Large-scale synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes / Science 274 : 1701~

[journal] Xie S / 2000 / Carbon nanotube arrays / Mater Sci Eng A 286 : 11~

[journal] Lee CJ / 2002 / Large-scale production of aligned carbon nanotubes by the vapor phase growth method / Chem Phys Lett 359 : 109~

[journal] Myung Gwan Hahm / 2011 / A review: controlled synthesis of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes / Carbon Letters / 한국탄소학회 12(4) : 185~193

[journal] Rao CNR / 2004 / Nanotubes and nanowires / Chem Eng Sci 59 : 4665~

[journal] Ebbesen TW / 1996 / Electrical conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes / Nature 382 : 54~

[journal] Treacy MMJ / 1996 / Exceptionally high Young’s modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes / Nature 381 : 678~

[journal] Chang TE / 2005 / Chang TE, Jensen LR, Kisliuk A, Pipes RB, Pyrz R, Sokolov AP. Microscopic mechanism of reinforcement in single-wall carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposite. Polymer, 46, 439(2005) / Polymer 46 : 439~

[journal] Fan-Long Jin / 2013 / Recent Advances in Carbon-Nanotube-Based Epoxy Composites / Carbon Letters / 한국탄소학회 14(1) : 1~13

[journal] Wepasnick KA / 2010 / Chemical and structural characterization of carbon nanotube surfaces / Anal Bioanal Chem 396 : 1003~

[journal] Chandra B / 2009 / Molecular-scale quantum dots from carbon nanotube heterojunctions / Nano Lett 9 : 1544~

[journal] Dai H / 1996 / Probing electrical transport in nanomaterials: conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes / Science 272 : 523~

[journal] Hungo Choo / 2012 / Fabrication and Applications of Carbon Nanotube Fibers / Carbon Letters / 한국탄소학회 13(4) : 191~204

[journal] 김기석 / 2012 / Bridge effect of carbon nanotubes on the electrical properties of expanded graphite/poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites / Carbon Letters / 한국탄소학회 13(1) : 51~55

[journal] Mintmire JW / 1992 / Are fullerene tubules metallic? / Phys Rev Lett 68 : 631~

[journal] Saito R / 1992 / Electronic structure of chiral graphene tubules / Appl Phys Lett 60 : 2204~

[journal] Tans SJ / 1998 / Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube / Nature 393 : 49~

[journal] Schonenberger C / 1999 / Interference and Interaction in multi-wall carbon nanotubes / Appl Phys A 69 : 283~

[journal] Hone J / 2000 / Electrical and thermal transport properties of magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films / Appl Phys Lett 77 : 666~

[journal] Tans SJ / 1997 / Individual single-wall carbon nanotubes as quantum wires / Nature 386 : 474~

[journal] Delaney P / 1999 / Quantized conductance of multiwalled carbon nanotubes / Appl Phys Lett 75 : 3787~

[journal] Bandaru PR / 2005 / Novel electrical switching behaviour and logic in carbon nanotube Y-junctions / Nat Mater 4 : 663~

[journal] Cheng Y / 2003 / Electron field emission from carbon nanotubes / Comptes Rendus Physique 4 : 1021~

[journal] Modi A / 2003 / Miniaturized gas ionization sensors using carbon nanotubes / Nature 424 : 171~

[journal] Yue GZ / 2002 / Generation of continuous and pulsed diagnostic imaging x-ray radiation using a carbon-nanotube-based fieldemission cathode / Appl Phys Lett 81 : 355~

[journal] Yu MF / 2000 / Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load / Science 287 : 637~

[journal] Ruoff RS / 1993 / Radial deformation of carbon nanotubes by van der Waals forces / Nature 364 : 514~

[journal] Palaci I / 2005 / Radial elasticity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes / Phys Rev Lett 94 : 175502~

[journal] Yu MF / 2000 / Investigation of the radial deformability of individual carbon nanotubes under controlled indentation force / Phys Rev Lett 85 : 1456~

[journal] Yang YH / 2011 / Radial elasticity of single-walled carbon nanotube measured by atomic force microscopy / Appl Phys Lett 98 : 041901~

[journal] Minary-Jolandan M / 2008 / Reversible radial deformation up to the complete flattening of carbon nanotubes in nanoindentation / J Appl Phys 103 : 073516~

[journal] Ajayan PM / 1994 / Aligned carbon nanotube arrays formed by cutting a polymer resin--nanotube composite / Science 265 : 1212~

[journal] Iijima S / 1996 / Structural flexibility of carbon nanotubes / J Chem Phys 104 : 2089~

[journal] Chopra NG / 1995 / Fully collapsed carbon nanotubes / Nature 377 : 135~

[journal] Ruoff RS / 1995 / Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes / Carbon 33 : 925~

[book] Dresselhaus MS / 1996 / Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes / Academic Press

[journal] Overney G / 1993 / Structural rigidity and low frequency vibrational modes of long carbon tubules / Z Phys D 27 : 93~

[journal] Robertson DH / 1992 / Energetics of nanoscale graphitic tubules / Phys Rev B 45 : 12592~

[journal] Tersoff J / 1992 / Energies of fullerenes / Phys Rev B 46 : 15546~

[journal] Falvo MR / 1997 / Bending and buckling of carbon nanotubes under large strain / Nature 389 : 582~

[journal] Endo M / 1995 / Pyrolytic carbon nanotubes from vapor-grown carbon fibers / Carbon 33 : 873~

[journal] Zhu YQ / 1998 / Collapsing carbon nanotubes and diamond formation under shock waves / Chem Phys Lett 287 : 689~

[journal] Yu MF / 2000 / Tensile loading of ropes of single wall carbon nanotubes and their mechanical properties / Phys Rev Lett 84 : 5552~

[journal] Shibutani Y / 1999 / Irreversible deformation of carbon nanotubes under bending / J Jpn Inst Met 63 : 1262~

[journal] Li F / 2000 / Tensile strength of single-walled carbon nanotubes directly measured from their macroscopic ropes / Appl Phys Lett 77 : 3161~

[journal] Shen W / 2000 / Investigation of the radial com pression of carbon nanotubes with a scanning probe microscope / Phys Rev Lett 84 : 3634~

[journal] Wang ZL / 2001 / Mechanical and electrostatic properties of carbon nanotubes and nanowires / Mater Sci Eng C 16 : 3~

[journal] Demczyk BG / 2002 / Direct mechanical measurement of the tensile strength and elastic modulus of multiwalled carbon nanotubes / Mater Sci Eng A 334 : 173~

[journal] Sinnott SB / 1998 / Mechanical properties of nanotubule fibers and composites determined from theoretical calculations and simulations / Carbon 36 : 1~

[journal] Yakobson BI / 1998 / Mechanical relaxation and “intramolecular plasticity” in carbon nanotubes / Appl Phys Lett 72 : 918~

[journal] Ru CQ / 2000 / Effect of van der Waals forces on axial buckling of a double- walled carbon nanotube / J Appl Phys 87 : 7227~

[journal] Guanghua G / 1998 / Energetics, structure, mechanical and vibrational properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes / Nanotechnology 9 : 184~

[journal] Hernandez E / 1998 / Elastic properties of C and BxCyNz composite nanotubes / Phys Rev Lett 80 : 4502~

[book] Ashcroft NW / 1976 / Solid State Physics / Harcourt Brace

[journal] Kim P / 2001 / Thermal transport measurements of individual multiwalled nanotubes / Phys Rev Lett 87 : 215502~

[journal] Yu C / 2005 / Thermal conductance and thermopower of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube / Nano Lett 5 : 1842~

[journal] Maultzsch J / 2002 / Phonon dispersion of carbon nanotubes / Solid State Commun 121 : 471~

[journal] Ishii H / 2007 / Electron-phonon coupling effect on quantum transport in carbon nanotubes using time-dependent wave-packet approach / Physica E 40 : 249~

[journal] Maeda T / 1999 / Phonon modes in single-wall nanotubes with a small diameter / Physica B 263-264 : 479~

[journal] Kasuya A / 1996 / Size dependent characteristics of single wall carbon nanotubes / Mater Sci Eng A 217-218 : 46~

[journal] Popov VN / 2004 / Theoretical evidence for T1/2 specific heat behavior in carbon nanotube systems / Carbon 42 : 991~

[journal] Georgakilas V / 2002 / Organic functionalization of carbon nanotubes / J Am Chem Soc 124 : 760~

[journal] Hirsch A / 2002 / Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes / Angew Chem Int Ed 41 : 1853~

[journal] 김정환 / 2010 / Functionalization of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube by Treatment with Dry Ozone Gas for the Enhanced Dispersion and Adhesion in Polymeric Composites / Carbon Letters / 한국탄소학회 11(4) : 298~303

[journal] Saeed K / 2010 / Review on the properties, dispersion and toxicology of carbon nanotubes / J Chem Soc Pak 32 : 561~

[journal] Wu HC / 2010 / Chemistry of carbon nanotubes in biomedical applications / J Mater Chem 20 : 1036~

[journal] Hersam MC / 2008 / Progress towards monodisperse single-walled carbon nanotubes / Nat Nanotechnol 3 : 387~

[journal] Wang H / 2009 / Dispersing carbon nanotubes using surfactants / Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 14 : 364~

[journal] Vaisman L / 2006 / The role of surfactants in dispersion of carbon nanotubes / Adv Colloid Interface Sci 128-130 : 37~

[web] / 2008 / NANOSAFE 2008 / http://www.nanosafe2008.org

[journal] Helland A / 2007 / Reviewing the environmental and human health knowledge base of carbon nanotubes / Environ Health Perspect 115 : 1125~

[journal] Baughman RH / 2002 / Carbon nanotubes- -the route toward applications / Science 297 : 787~

[journal] Cao A / 2001 / Hydrogen storage of dense-aligned carbon nanotubes / Chem Phys Lett 342 : 510~

[journal] Kar S / 2008 / Potential of carbon nanotubes in water purification: an approach towards the development of an integrated membrane system / Int J Nucl Desalin 3 : 143~

[journal] Garcia-Gutierrez MC / 2006 / Templating of crystallization and shear-induced self-assembly of single-wall carbon nanotubes in a polymer-nanocomposite / Polymer 47 : 341~

[journal] Siochi EJ / 2004 / Melt processing of SWCNTpolyimide nanocomposite fibers / Composites B 35 : 439~

[journal] Bhattacharyya AR / 2004 / Effect of encapsulated SWNT on the mechanical properties of melt mixed PA12/SWNT composites / Chem Phys Lett 392 : 28~

[journal] Saeed K / 2007 / Preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotube/ nylon-6 nanocomposites by in situ polymerization / J Appl Polym Sci 106 : 3729~

[journal] Prashantha K / 2008 / Multi-walled carbon nanotube filled polypropylene nanocomposites based on masterbatch route: improvement of dispersion and mechanical properties through PP-g-MA addition / Express Polym Lett 2 : 735~

[journal] Zhang XX / 2011 / Poly(adipic acid-hexamethylene diamine)-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites / J Mater Sci 46 : 923~

[journal] De Vita A / 1999 / Electronic structure at carbon nanotube tips / Appl Phys A 68 : 283~

[journal] Bonard JM / 1998 / Field-emission-induced luminescence from carbon nanotubes / Phys Rev Lett 81 : 1441~

[journal] Rinzler AG / 1995 / Unraveling nanotubes: field emission from an atomic wire / Science 269 : 1550~

[journal] Saito Y / 1997 / Conical beams from open nanotubes / Nature 389 : 554~

[journal] Saito Y / 1998 / Cathode ray tube lighting elements with carbon nanotube field emitters / Jpn J Appl Phys 37 : L346~

[journal] Rotman D / 2002 / The nanotube computer / MIT Technol Rev 105 : 36~

[journal] Sugie H / 2001 / Carbon nanotubes as electron source in an x-ray tube / Appl Phys Lett 78 : 2578~

[journal] Xia H / 2012 / Hydrothermal synthesis of MnO2/ CNT nanocomposite with a CNT core/porous MnO2 sheath hierarchy architecture for supercapacitors / Nanoscale Res Lett 7 : 33~

[journal] Evanoff K / 2012 / Ultra strong silicon-coated carbon nanotube nonwoven fabric as a multifunctional lithium-ion battery anode / ACS Nano 6 : 9837~

[journal] Lee NS / 2001 / Application of carbon nanotubes to field emission displays / Diamond Relat Mater 10 : 265~

[journal] Frackowiak E / 2002 / Electrochemical storage of energy in carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbons / Carbon 40 : 1775~

[journal] Meunier V / 2002 / Ab initio investigations of lithium diffusion in carbon nanotube systems / Phys Rev Lett 88 : 075506~

[journal] Niu C / 1997 / High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotube electrodes / Appl Phys Lett 70 : 1480~

[journal] Ma RZ / 1999 / Processing and performance of electric double-layer capacitors with blocktype carbon nanotube electrodes / Bull Chem Soc Jpn 72 : 2563~

[journal] Jurewicz K / 2001 / Supercapacitors from nanotubes/polypyrrole composites / Chem Phys Lett 347 : 36~

[journal] Baughman RH / 1999 / Carbon nanotube actuators / Science 284 : 1340~

[journal] Wong SS / 1998 / Covalently functionalized nanotubes as nanometre- sized probes in chemistry and biology / Nature 394 : 52~

[journal] Collins PG / 2000 / Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes / Science 287 : 1801~

[journal] Varghese OK / 2001 / Gas sensing characteristics of multi-wall carbon nanotubes / Sens Actuators B 81 : 32~

[journal] Chopra S / 2002 / Carbon-nanotube- based resonant-circuit sensor for ammonia 80 : 4632~

[journal] Wood JR / 2000 / Single-wall carbon nanotubes as molecular pressure sensors / Appl Phys Lett 76 : 2883~

[journal] Wood JR / 2000 / Carbon nanotubes: from molecular to macroscopic sensors / Phys Rev B 62 : 7571~

[journal] Banhart F / 2001 / Metal atoms in carbon nanotubes and related nanoparticles / Int J Mod Phys B 15 : 4037~

[journal] 박수진 / 2009 / Hydrogen Storage Behaviors of Carbon Nanotubes/Metal-organic Frameworks-5 Hybrid Composites / Carbon Letters / 한국탄소학회 10(1) : 19~22

[journal] Liu C / 1999 / Hydrogen storage in single-walled carbon nanotubes at room temperature / Science 286 : 1127~

[journal] Gadd GE / 1997 / The world’s smallest gas cylinders? / Science 277 : 933~

[journal] Terrones M / 2000 / Novel nanoscale gas containers: encapsulation of N2 in CNx nanotubes / Chem Commun 23 : 2335~

[journal] Trasobares S / 2001 / Electron beam puncturing of carbon nanotube containers for release of stored N2 gas / Eur Phys J B 22 : 117~

[journal] Chambers A / 1998 / Hydrogen storage in graphite nanofibers / J Phys Chem B 102 : 4253~

[journal] Chen P / 1999 / High H2 uptake by alkali-doped carbon nanotubes under ambient pressure and moderate temperatures / Science 285 : 91~

[journal] Hirscher M / 2002 / Hydrogen storage in carbon nanostructures / J Alloys Compd 330-332 : 654~

[journal] Gordon PA / 1999 / Molecular modeling of adsorptive energy storage: hydrogen storage in single-walled carbon nanotubes / Ind Eng Chem Res 38 : 4647~

[journal] Meregalli V / 2001 / Review of theoretical calculations of hydrogen storage in carbon-based materials / Appl Phys A 72 : 143~

[journal] Lee SM / 2001 / A hydrogen storage mechanism in single-walled carbon nanotubes / J Am Chem Soc 123 : 5059~

[journal] Darkrim FL / 2002 / Review of hydrogen storage by adsorption in carbon nanotubes / Int J Hydrogen Energy 27 : 193~

[journal] Tanaka H / 2002 / Methane adsorption on single-walled carbon nanotube: a density functional theory model / Chem Phys Lett 352 : 334~

[journal] Dai H / 1996 / Nanotubes as nanoprobes in scanning probe microscopy / Nature 384 : 147~

[journal] Kim P / 1999 / Nanotube nanotweezers / Science 286 : 2148~

[journal] Venema LC / 1997 / Length control of individual carbon nanotubes by nanostructuring with a scanning tunneling microscope / Appl Phys Lett 71 : 2629~

[journal] Postma HWC / 2000 / Electrical transport through carbon nanotube junctions created by mechanical manipulation / Phys Rev B 62 : R10653~

[journal] Park JY / 2002 / Electrical cutting and nicking of carbon nanotubes using an atomic force microscope / Appl Phys Lett 80 : 4446~

[journal] Bachtold A / 2001 / Logic circuits with carbon nanotube transistors / Science 294 : 1317~

[journal] Huang Y / 2001 / Logic gates and computation from assembled nanowire building blocks / Science 294 : 1313~

[journal] Derycke V / 2001 / Carbon nanotube inter- and intramolecular logic gates / Nano Lett 1 : 453~

[journal] Javey A / 2002 / Carbon Nanotube Transistor Arrays for Multistage Complementary Logic and Ring Oscillators / Nano Lett 2 : 929~

[journal] Collins PG / 2001 / Engineering carbon nanotubes and nanotube circuits using electrical breakdown / Science 292 : 706~

[journal] Blase X / 1999 / Boron-mediated growth of long helicity-selected carbon nanotubes / Phys Rev Lett 83 : 5078~

[journal] Akiladevi D / 2010 / Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) production, characterization and its applications / Int J Adv Pharm Sci 1 : 187~

[journal] Satishkumar BC / 2000 / Synthesis of metal oxide nanorods using carbon nanotubes as templates / J Mater Chem 10 : 2115~

[journal] Choi YM / 2003 / Nonlinear behavior in the thermopower of doped carbon nanotubes due to strong, localized states / Nano Lett 3 : 839~

[journal] Simeonova PP / 2009 / Update on carbon nanotube toxicity / Nanomedicine 4 : 373~

[journal] Shvedova AA / 2010 / Close encounters of the small kind: adverse effects of man-made materials interfacing with the nano-cosmos of biological systems / Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 50 : 63~

[journal] Oberdorster G / 2010 / Safety assessment for nanotechnology and nanomedicine: concepts of nanotoxicology / J Intern Med 267 : 89~

[journal] Warheit DB / 2008 / Health effects related to nanoparticle exposures: environmental, health and safety considerations for assessing hazards and risks / Pharmacol Ther 120 : 35~

[journal] Li Z / 2007 / Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes / Environ Health Perspect 115 : 377~

[journal] Nemmar A / 2002 / Ultrafine particles affect experimental thrombosis in an in vivo hamster model / Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 : 998~

[journal] Nemmar A / 2001 / Passage of intratracheally instilled ultrafine particles from the lung into the systemic circulation in hamster / Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 : 1665~

[journal] Poland CA / 2008 / Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study / Nat Nanotechnol 3 : 423~

[journal] Lam CW / 2006 / A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks / Crit Rev Toxicol 36 : 189~

[journal] Stern ST / 2008 / Nanotechnology safety concerns revisited / Toxicol Sci 101 : 4~

[journal] Sydlik U / 2009 / The compatible solute ectoine protects against nanoparticleinduced neutrophilic lung inflammation / Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180 : 29~

[journal] Fenoglio I / 2008 / Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: physicochemical aspects / Chem Res Toxicol 21 : 1690~

[journal] Johnston HJ / 2010 / A critical review of the biological mechanisms underlying the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of carbon nanotubes: the contribution of physico-chemical characteristics / Nanotoxicology 4 : 207~

[journal] Kayat J / 2011 / Pulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes: a systematic report / Nanomedicine 7 : 40~

[journal] Tong H / 2009 / Influence of acid functionalization on the cardiopulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes and carbon black particles in mice / Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 239 : 224~

[journal] Vittorio O / 2009 / Influence of purity and surface oxidation on cytotoxicity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with human neuroblastoma cells / Nanomedicine 5 : 424~

KJCKorea
Journal Central

Carbon Letters 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.35 KCI-WoS Impact Factor : 4.82