Hydrothermal synthesis and structural design of zero- to three-dimensional biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials

Guo Cheng; Hui‑jia Li; Jing‑hua Fang; Xue‑qing Wang; Jia‑qi Li; Jun‑feng Chang; Na Teng; Ji‑tong Wang

doi:10.1007/s42823-025-00872-z

Hydrothermal synthesis and structural design of zero- to three-dimensional biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials

Carbon Letters
Abbr : Carbon Lett.
2025, 35(2), pp.441~467
DOI : 10.1007/s42823-025-00872-z
Publisher : Korean Carbon Society
Research Area : Natural Science > Natural Science General > Other Natural Sciences General
Received : September 14, 2024
Accepted : January 25, 2025
Published : June 5, 2025

Guo Cheng ¹, Hui‑jia Li ¹, Jing‑hua Fang ¹, Xue‑qing Wang ¹, Jia‑qi Li ¹, Jun‑feng Chang ¹, Na Teng ², Ji‑tong Wang ¹

¹Taiyuan Institute of Technology
²Chinese Academy of Sciences

Accredited

ABSTRACT

The synthesis of functional carbon materials with controllable morphology and structure using a simple, effective, and green process starting from biomass has been an attractive and challenging topic in recent years. After decades of technological development, high value-added biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials with different morphologies and structures prepared by low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) have been gradually developed into a huge system covering different series in different dimensions, and are widely used in the fields of adsorption, electrochemical energy storage, and catalysis. However, due to a vague understanding of the fundamental structure–performance correlation and the absence of customized material design strategies, the diverse needs in practical applications cannot be well met. Herein, we reviewed the mechanism, modifications, and applications of the low-temperature HTC method for biomass. The synthesis mechanisms, structural designs strategies, and related applications of biomass-derived hydrochar are highlighted and summarized in different dimensions, including six major categories: zero-dimensional spherical structure, one-dimensional fibrous and tubular structure, two-dimensional lamellar structure, three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure, and special-shaped asymmetric structure. Then a sustainability assessment is conducted on the hydrothermal carbonization process. Finally, the controllable preparation of biomass-derived hydrochar is summarized and prospected for the application requirements in different fields.

KEYWORDS

Hydrothermal carbonization Biomass-derived hydrochar Carbon nanomaterials Structural design

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[journal] Corvalán C / 2021 / Life cycle assessment for hydrothermal carbonization of urban organic solid waste in comparison with gasification process: a case study of Southern Chile / Environ Prog Sustain Energy 40(6) : e13688~

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[journal] Stemann J / 2013 / Hydrothermal carbonisation of empty palm oil fruit bunches: laboratory trials, plant simulation, carbon avoidance, and economic feasibility / Waste Biomass Valoriz 4(3) : 441~454

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Carbon Letters 2025 KCI Impact Factor : 0.73 KCI-WoS Impact Factor : 6.26

Hydrothermal synthesis and structural design of zero- to three-dimensional biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials

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Carbon Letters 2025 KCI Impact Factor : 0.73 KCI-WoS Impact Factor : 6.26

Hydrothermal synthesis and structural design of zero- to three-dimensional biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials

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WoS Citation Counts (8) This is the result of checking the information with the same ISSN, publication year, volume, and start page between the WoS and the KCI journals. (as of 2026-07-09)

Total Citation Counts(KCI+WOS) (8) This is the number of times that the duplicate count has been removed by comparing the citation list of WoS and KCI.

REFERENCES (182) * References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.

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This is the result of checking the information with the same ISSN, publication year, volume, and start page between the WoS and the KCI journals. (as of 2026-07-09)

* References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.