@article{ART003389026},
author={Lakshmanan Pandian and KWAK CHEOL HWAN and Lavanya Vaidhyanathan and Sumithra Balamurugan and Roh, Jae-Seung and Saravanan Vadivel and Palanisami Nallasamy and Hwang Seung-Kyu},
title={Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue},
journal={Carbon Letters},
issn={1976-4251},
year={2026},
volume={36},
number={3},
pages={1403-1416},
doi={10.1007/s42823-026-01070-1}
TY - JOUR
AU - Lakshmanan Pandian
AU - KWAK CHEOL HWAN
AU - Lavanya Vaidhyanathan
AU - Sumithra Balamurugan
AU - Roh, Jae-Seung
AU - Saravanan Vadivel
AU - Palanisami Nallasamy
AU - Hwang Seung-Kyu
TI - Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue
JO - Carbon Letters
PY - 2026
VL - 36
IS - 3
PB - Korean Carbon Society
SP - 1403
EP - 1416
SN - 1976-4251
AB - A facile and scalable thermal exfoliation–deposition method was developed to synthesize 2D g-C3N4/CuO heterojunction photocatalysts with controlled morphology. By tuning the g-C3N4 loading, the carbon nitride morphology transitions from dispersed two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets to bulk-like three-dimensional (3D) structures, which significantly influences the optical properties and photocatalytic performance of the composites. The photocatalysts were evaluated under solar irradiation for the degradation of carbendazim (CBZ) and methylene blue (MB). The g-C3N4/CuO composites exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to individual g-C3N4 and CuO, due to efficient charge separation at the heterojunction. Optimal photocatalytic performance was achieved at 15% g-C3N4 loading, achieving up to 98% degradation of CBZ and MB within 80 min. Radical scavenging experiments identified superoxide radicals (O2•⁻) as the primary reactive species. The 15% g-C3N4/CuO composite also showed excellent stability over multiple cycles. These results highligh the importance of interfacial engineering and compositional optimization for efficient, durable, and scalable solar-driven photocatalysts.
KW - Copper Oxide Graphitic carbon nitride Carbendazim Methylene blue Photodegradation
DO - 10.1007/s42823-026-01070-1
ER -
Lakshmanan Pandian, KWAK CHEOL HWAN, Lavanya Vaidhyanathan, Sumithra Balamurugan, Roh, Jae-Seung, Saravanan Vadivel, Palanisami Nallasamy and Hwang Seung-Kyu. (2026). Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue. Carbon Letters, 36(3), 1403-1416.
Lakshmanan Pandian, KWAK CHEOL HWAN, Lavanya Vaidhyanathan, Sumithra Balamurugan, Roh, Jae-Seung, Saravanan Vadivel, Palanisami Nallasamy and Hwang Seung-Kyu. 2026, "Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue", Carbon Letters, vol.36, no.3 pp.1403-1416. Available from: doi:10.1007/s42823-026-01070-1
Lakshmanan Pandian, KWAK CHEOL HWAN, Lavanya Vaidhyanathan, Sumithra Balamurugan, Roh, Jae-Seung, Saravanan Vadivel, Palanisami Nallasamy, Hwang Seung-Kyu "Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue" Carbon Letters 36.3 pp.1403-1416 (2026) : 1403.
Lakshmanan Pandian, KWAK CHEOL HWAN, Lavanya Vaidhyanathan, Sumithra Balamurugan, Roh, Jae-Seung, Saravanan Vadivel, Palanisami Nallasamy, Hwang Seung-Kyu. Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue. 2026; 36(3), 1403-1416. Available from: doi:10.1007/s42823-026-01070-1
Lakshmanan Pandian, KWAK CHEOL HWAN, Lavanya Vaidhyanathan, Sumithra Balamurugan, Roh, Jae-Seung, Saravanan Vadivel, Palanisami Nallasamy and Hwang Seung-Kyu. "Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue" Carbon Letters 36, no.3 (2026) : 1403-1416.doi: 10.1007/s42823-026-01070-1
Lakshmanan Pandian; KWAK CHEOL HWAN; Lavanya Vaidhyanathan; Sumithra Balamurugan; Roh, Jae-Seung; Saravanan Vadivel; Palanisami Nallasamy; Hwang Seung-Kyu. Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue. Carbon Letters, 36(3), 1403-1416. doi: 10.1007/s42823-026-01070-1
Lakshmanan Pandian; KWAK CHEOL HWAN; Lavanya Vaidhyanathan; Sumithra Balamurugan; Roh, Jae-Seung; Saravanan Vadivel; Palanisami Nallasamy; Hwang Seung-Kyu. Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue. Carbon Letters. 2026; 36(3) 1403-1416. doi: 10.1007/s42823-026-01070-1
Lakshmanan Pandian, KWAK CHEOL HWAN, Lavanya Vaidhyanathan, Sumithra Balamurugan, Roh, Jae-Seung, Saravanan Vadivel, Palanisami Nallasamy, Hwang Seung-Kyu. Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue. 2026; 36(3), 1403-1416. Available from: doi:10.1007/s42823-026-01070-1
Lakshmanan Pandian, KWAK CHEOL HWAN, Lavanya Vaidhyanathan, Sumithra Balamurugan, Roh, Jae-Seung, Saravanan Vadivel, Palanisami Nallasamy and Hwang Seung-Kyu. "Thermal exfoliation-deposition method for morphology-controlled fabrication of 2D-g-C3N4/CuO heterojunctions: efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim and methylene blue" Carbon Letters 36, no.3 (2026) : 1403-1416.doi: 10.1007/s42823-026-01070-1
