@article{ART002582463},
author={Juyan Zhang},
title={“Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis},
journal={불교학리뷰},
issn={1975-2660},
year={2020},
number={27},
pages={9-37},
doi={10.29213/crbs..27.202004.9}
TY - JOUR
AU - Juyan Zhang
TI - “Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis
JO - 불교학리뷰
PY - 2020
VL - null
IS - 27
PB - Geumgang Center for Buddhist Studies
SP - 9
EP - 37
SN - 1975-2660
AB - Using major early Mahāyāna texts and the Āgamas/Nikāyas, this research demonstrates that in its earliest form, the so-called “buddhas in the ten directions” are actually transformation buddhas of the Śākyamuni Buddha, or duplicates of the Buddha in the infinite worlds. The research shows that the concept had its origins in the similes comparing the Buddha to the sun and the moon as well as the Twin Miracle Legend, both of whichare found in the Northern Āgamas and the Pāli texts. The research further shows that Buddha Akṣobhya is a transformation buddha; while Amitābha represents a metamorphosis of the concept of “transformation buddha” from being a duplicate of the Śākyamuni Buddha to a supposedly real celestial buddha in another world system. As such, the devotionalism toward Amitābha was a result of syncretism of early Mahāyāna and the Indo-Iranian religions at the northwestern frontier of Indian Buddhism’s sphere of influence. It is the culturally constructed Buddhism instead of the early classical Mahāyāna that is based on the Six-Pāramitās. Lastly, the research argues that early Mahāyāna Buddhists promoted the concept of “buddhas in the ten directions” to preach to the laity, as is consistently evidenced by the early Buddhist texts and the early Mahāyāna texts. Based on the analysis, the research argues that the early Mahāyāna Buddhists were devoted only to the Śākyamuni Buddha, and it is a myth that they truly believed that there were real buddhas in the ten directions.
KW - buddhas in the ten directions;transformation buddha;Twin Miracle Legend;Mahāyāna;Akṣobhya;Amitābha
DO - 10.29213/crbs..27.202004.9
ER -
Juyan Zhang. (2020). “Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis. 불교학리뷰, 27, 9-37.
Juyan Zhang. 2020, "“Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis", 불교학리뷰, no.27, pp.9-37. Available from: doi:10.29213/crbs..27.202004.9
Juyan Zhang "“Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis" 불교학리뷰 27 pp.9-37 (2020) : 9.
Juyan Zhang. “Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis. 2020; 27 : 9-37. Available from: doi:10.29213/crbs..27.202004.9
Juyan Zhang. "“Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis" 불교학리뷰 no.27(2020) : 9-37.doi: 10.29213/crbs..27.202004.9
Juyan Zhang. “Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis. 불교학리뷰, 27, 9-37. doi: 10.29213/crbs..27.202004.9
Juyan Zhang. “Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis. 불교학리뷰. 2020; 27 9-37. doi: 10.29213/crbs..27.202004.9
Juyan Zhang. “Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis. 2020; 27 : 9-37. Available from: doi:10.29213/crbs..27.202004.9
Juyan Zhang. "“Buddhas in the Ten Directions”: Its Origins in the Early Buddhist Texts and Metamorphosis" 불교학리뷰 no.27(2020) : 9-37.doi: 10.29213/crbs..27.202004.9
