Objectives: This study is to analyze the impact of couples' awareness of gender roles, self-esteem, and marital relationships on psychological well-being. An online survey was conducted for 1,200 adult couples nationwide. Methods: SPSS was used to perform descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The study reported that awareness of gender roles was high in women and emerging adulthood, while self-esteem was high in men, but significantly low in old age. In marital relationships, there are differences depending on gender and life cycle. As age increased, emotional exchanges, which are intimate communication between couples, increased, but expression of affection and leisure sharing decreased. The results of the significance test of the regression coefficient for positive psychological well-being showed that education level, marriage duration, income quintile, self-esteem, expression of affection, and leisure sharing had an effect. Positive psychological well-being increased with higher education level, longer marriage duration, higher income quintile, greater self-esteem, more expression of affection, and more leisure sharing. The results of the significance test of the regression coefficient for negative psychological well-being showed that income quintile, awareness of gender roles, self-esteem, intimate communication, and expression of affection had an impact. Negative psychological well-being decreased with higher income quintile, better awareness of gender roles, greater self-esteem, more intimate communication, and more expression of affection. Conclusions: It is suggested that a systematic couple education program including awareness of gender roles, enhancement of self-esteem, intimate communication and expression of affection, and leisure sharing methods that can increase positive psychological well-being for couples with low education, short duration of marriage, and low income quintile should be developed to improve the quality of couple relationships. In addition, awareness of gender role may have an indirect effect although it did not have a direct effect. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze structural relationships more precisely in follow-up studies. This study is expected to contribute to providing basic data for the development of counseling and education programs to improve marital relationships.