@article{ART003354046},
author={Who-Seung Lee},
title={Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach},
journal={Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment},
issn={1225-7184},
year={2026},
volume={35},
number={3},
pages={202-226}
TY - JOUR
AU - Who-Seung Lee
TI - Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach
JO - Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
PY - 2026
VL - 35
IS - 3
PB - Korean Society Of Environmental Impact Assessment
SP - 202
EP - 226
SN - 1225-7184
AB - Breeding marine birds engage in central-place foraging, making repeated round trips between their breeding colonies and foraging grounds. Their reproductive performance depends not only on prey availability at foraging sites, but also critically on the maintenance of functional connectivity along the commuting corridor linking breeding and foraging areas. As offshore and coastal anthropogenic structures—including wind farms, port facilities, bridges, and breakwaters— proliferate, the risk of movement impediment along these corridors increases. This study extends the time-energy constraint foraging model of Ydenberg and Hurd (1998) to the colony–foraging-ground commuting system of breeding marine birds, and theoretically evaluates how increasing anthropogenic movement impediment affects individual time budgets and foraging performance. We defined a baseline scenario (no impediment) and three impediment levels (low: δ=0.1; moderate: δ=0.5; high: δ=1.0), and calculated round-trip commuting time, net foraging time, optimal net energetic gain per trip, and daily cumulative energy balance under each condition. Results showed that increasing impediment consistently reduced optimal net energetic gain per trip by up to 11.72% under baseline parameters, and reduced potential daily surplus energy available for chick provisioning by up to 98.96 kJ/day. These results were robust across a sensitivity analysis of 1,296 parameter combinations, 5,000 Monte Carlo simulations, and an extended model incorporating behavioral plasticity. The magnitude of energetic loss was amplified for individuals with greater baseline commuting distances. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic structures may impose substantial ecological costs by degrading the functional connectivity of commuting corridors even without altering the foraging site itself. We therefore recommend that impact assessments for offshore renewable energy developments treat breeding colony vicinities and colony-to-foraging-ground corridors as priority avoidance zones.
KW - breeding marine birds;central-place foraging;movement impediment;time budget;energy balance;offshore wind farm
DO -
UR -
ER -
Who-Seung Lee. (2026). Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, 35(3), 202-226.
Who-Seung Lee. 2026, "Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach", Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, vol.35, no.3 pp.202-226.
Who-Seung Lee "Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach" Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 35.3 pp.202-226 (2026) : 202.
Who-Seung Lee. Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach. 2026; 35(3), 202-226.
Who-Seung Lee. "Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach" Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 35, no.3 (2026) : 202-226.
Who-Seung Lee. Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, 35(3), 202-226.
Who-Seung Lee. Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment. 2026; 35(3) 202-226.
Who-Seung Lee. Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach. 2026; 35(3), 202-226.
Who-Seung Lee. "Energetic Costs of Offshore Wind Farm-Induced Movement Impediment for Breeding Marine Birds: A Theoretical Energy Budget Modelling Approach" Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 35, no.3 (2026) : 202-226.
