@article{ART003343734},
author={Hyunjun Cho},
title={Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course},
journal={Modern English Education},
issn={1598-0782},
year={2026},
volume={27},
pages={336-349}
TY - JOUR
AU - Hyunjun Cho
TI - Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course
JO - Modern English Education
PY - 2026
VL - 27
IS - null
PB - The Modern English Education Society
SP - 336
EP - 349
SN - 1598-0782
AB - This study investigates how Quizlet, an online vocabulary learning tool, affects learners' TOEIC scores and their perceptions of learning in a general English course. It also examines whether these effects differ based on learners’ initial proficiency levels. A quasi-experimental design was used with 71 non-English major undergraduates at a regional university in Korea. The control group utilized a paper-based Vocabulary Learning Log (V-log), while the experimental group studied vocabulary using Quizlet.
Data were collected through pre- and post-TOEIC mock tests and a learner perception survey. Paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests were conducted for analysis. The results indicated that both groups made statistically significant improvements in TOEIC scores; however, the experimental group showed greater enhancement with a larger effect size, especially among lower-proficiency learners. Regarding learner perceptions, the experimental group reported more positive feedback in terms of effectiveness, satisfaction, and ease of use, with a statistically significant difference noted in ease of use between the two groups. These findings imply that incorporating an online vocabulary learning tool into a general TOEIC course can enhance learners’ achievements and positively influence their learning experiences. For lower-proficiency learners in particular, early performance improvements may boost engagement and foster a more self-directed approach to learning.
KW - Vocabulary learning;Quizlet;lower-proficiency learners;learner perceptions;self-directed learning
DO -
UR -
ER -
Hyunjun Cho. (2026). Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course. Modern English Education, 27, 336-349.
Hyunjun Cho. 2026, "Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course", Modern English Education, vol.27, pp.336-349.
Hyunjun Cho "Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course" Modern English Education 27 pp.336-349 (2026) : 336.
Hyunjun Cho. Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course. 2026; 27 336-349.
Hyunjun Cho. "Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course" Modern English Education 27(2026) : 336-349.
Hyunjun Cho. Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course. Modern English Education, 27, 336-349.
Hyunjun Cho. Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course. Modern English Education. 2026; 27 336-349.
Hyunjun Cho. Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course. 2026; 27 336-349.
Hyunjun Cho. "Exploring the Conditions for the Gradual Development of Self-directed Learning through Learning Experiences with an Online Vocabulary Tool in a General TOEIC Course" Modern English Education 27(2026) : 336-349.
