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Comprehensive review of MAX phase and MXene materials: synthesis, properties, and applications

  • Carbon Letters
  • Abbr : Carbon Lett.
  • 2025, 35(6), pp.2485~2570
  • DOI : 10.1007/s42823-025-00979-3
  • Publisher : Korean Carbon Society
  • Research Area : Natural Science > Natural Science General > Other Natural Sciences General
  • Received : February 12, 2025
  • Accepted : August 30, 2025
  • Published : December 11, 2025

C. B. Subba 1 Rai D. P. 1 Mukhriddin E. Tursunov 2 Avazbek T. Dekhkonov 2 Z. Pachuau 1

1Mizoram University
2National University of Uzbekistan Named After Mirzo Ulugbek

Accredited

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews MAX phases (bulk) and their 2D derivative, MXenes, focusing on synthesis methods, properties, and applications. Traditional and advanced synthesis techniques, including solid-state synthesis and spark plasma sintering, are examined, emphasizing structural diversity. Key characteristics, such as thermal stability, electrical conductivity, and mechanical resilience, are explored alongside their mechanisms. The review also highlights advancements in energy harvesting applications, such as H production, solar cells, energy storage, catalysis, spintronics, electronic devices, and environmental remediation. Additionally, future research directions are outlined to address existing gaps and enhance their role in next-generation technologies and environmental remediation.

Citation status

This is the result of checking the information with the same ISSN, publication year, volume, and start page between the WoS and the KCI journals. (as of 2026-07-09)

Total Citation Counts(KCI+WOS) (11) This is the number of times that the duplicate count has been removed by comparing the citation list of WoS and KCI.

* References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.