Water-oxidized and ball-milled reduced graphene oxide based self-supporting electrodes for high performance flexible supercapacitors

Jae Young Jung (정재영); Dong‑gun Kim (김동건); Sungkwon Jung; Sujin Kim (김수진); Jae‑yeong Kang (강재영); Yong‑seong Park; Hongbum Kim (김홍범); Nam Dong Kim (김남동); Pil Kim (김필)

doi:10.1007/s42823-025-00950-2

Water-oxidized and ball-milled reduced graphene oxide based self-supporting electrodes for high performance flexible supercapacitors

Carbon Letters
Abbr : Carbon Lett.
2025, 35(6), pp.2729~2740
DOI : 10.1007/s42823-025-00950-2
Publisher : Korean Carbon Society
Research Area : Natural Science > Natural Science General > Other Natural Sciences General
Received : February 27, 2025
Accepted : July 8, 2025
Published : December 11, 2025

Jae Young Jung ¹, Dong‑gun Kim ², Sungkwon Jung ², Sujin Kim ², Jae‑yeong Kang ², Yong‑seong Park ², Hongbum Kim ³, Nam Dong Kim ³, Pil Kim ²

¹한국에너지기술연구원
²전북대학교
³한국과학기술연구원

Accredited

ABSTRACT

With the increasing demand for flexible electronic devices, smaller and lighter flexible supercapacitors have gained significant research attention. Among the various materials, self-supporting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) paper has emerged as one of the most promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to its low cost, high chemical/thermal stability, and excellent electrical conductivity. Nevertheless, a major drawback of rGO paper is the limited ion diffusion between stacked rGO layers, hindering the effective formation of electrochemical double-layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In this study, we prepared the rGO paper derived from ball-milled followed-by water oxidation process for reducing the sheet size. The smaller-sized rGO sheets facilitated ion transport between graphene layers, promoting efficient electric double-layer formation. Moreover, the increased presence of edge planes in ball-milled rGO sheets achieved high capacitance, further enhancing the performance of rGO as an electrode material. Notably, the 2-BMOX rGO paper obtained from ball-milling and wet-oxidized graphite exhibited a capacitance of 117.9 F/g in cyclic voltammetry (CV) and 128.6 F/g in galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) tests, approximately twice that of conventional rGO. Additionally, the capacitance retained 91% of its initial performance after 2,000 cycles, indicating excellent cycling stability.

KEYWORDS

Graphene oxide, Reduced graphene oxide, Supercapacitor, Self-supporting electrode

Citation status

This is the result of checking the information with the same ISSN, publication year, volume, and start page between the WoS and the KCI journals. (as of 2026-07-09)

Total Citation Counts(KCI+WOS) (1) This is the number of times that the duplicate count has been removed by comparing the citation list of WoS and KCI.

* References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.

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This paper was written with support from the National Research Foundation of Korea.

KJCKorea
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Carbon Letters 2025 KCI Impact Factor : 0.73 KCI-WoS Impact Factor : 6.26

Water-oxidized and ball-milled reduced graphene oxide based self-supporting electrodes for high performance flexible supercapacitors

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Citation status

This is the result of checking the information with the same ISSN, publication year, volume, and start page between the WoS and the KCI journals. (as of 2026-07-09)

Total Citation Counts(KCI+WOS) (1) This is the number of times that the duplicate count has been removed by comparing the citation list of WoS and KCI.

* References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.

Carbon Letters 2025 KCI Impact Factor : 0.73 KCI-WoS Impact Factor : 6.26

Water-oxidized and ball-milled reduced graphene oxide based self-supporting electrodes for high performance flexible supercapacitors

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

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WoS Citation Counts (1) This is the result of checking the information with the same ISSN, publication year, volume, and start page between the WoS and the KCI journals. (as of 2026-07-09)

Total Citation Counts(KCI+WOS) (1) This is the number of times that the duplicate count has been removed by comparing the citation list of WoS and KCI.

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This is the result of checking the information with the same ISSN, publication year, volume, and start page between the WoS and the KCI journals. (as of 2026-07-09)

* References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.