@article{ART003342979},
author={Lee Seok-Hee and Jeon Taehun and Kim Neung-Hae and Kim Minjun and Nam Seunghoon and Kim Chunjoong},
title={Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model},
journal={Carbon Letters},
issn={1976-4251},
year={2026},
volume={36},
number={3},
pages={1125-1143},
doi={10.1007/s42823-026-01045-2}
TY - JOUR
AU - Lee Seok-Hee
AU - Jeon Taehun
AU - Kim Neung-Hae
AU - Kim Minjun
AU - Nam Seunghoon
AU - Kim Chunjoong
TI - Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model
JO - Carbon Letters
PY - 2026
VL - 36
IS - 3
PB - Korean Carbon Society
SP - 1125
EP - 1143
SN - 1976-4251
AB - This study examines the thermodynamic behaviour of coprecipitation reaction for Ni1-x-yCoxMny(OH)2 precursors that is necessary for preparation of cathode materials, LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2, of Li-ion batteries under high-ionic-strength process solutions. To capture non-ideal solution behavior while maintaining practical parameter availability, a hybrid activity framework is proposed. Pitzer interactions are applied to dominant background ions including Na+, NH4+, and SO42-, while Davies and extended Debye–Hückel corrections are employed for metal-ammine and metal-hydroxo complexes. Using a consistent activity-based formulation, the total solubilities of Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ are calculated and visualized exclusively within the precipitation-relevant regime. Under the industrially relevant pH range (9 - 12), optimum pH ranges are identified based on inter-metal disparity and precipitation margin as a function of composition of precursors and total ammonia concentration. Compared with concentration-only or Davies-only approaches, the hybrid framework yields a more conservative and practically relevant operating window for pH and ammonia control. Although experimental calibration is not included, the framework provides an activity-consistent solubility map suitable for extension with refined equilibrium data.
KW - NCM precursor Hydroxide co-precipitation Activity-based thermodynamic modelling
DO - 10.1007/s42823-026-01045-2
ER -
Lee Seok-Hee, Jeon Taehun, Kim Neung-Hae, Kim Minjun, Nam Seunghoon and Kim Chunjoong. (2026). Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model. Carbon Letters, 36(3), 1125-1143.
Lee Seok-Hee, Jeon Taehun, Kim Neung-Hae, Kim Minjun, Nam Seunghoon and Kim Chunjoong. 2026, "Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model", Carbon Letters, vol.36, no.3 pp.1125-1143. Available from: doi:10.1007/s42823-026-01045-2
Lee Seok-Hee, Jeon Taehun, Kim Neung-Hae, Kim Minjun, Nam Seunghoon, Kim Chunjoong "Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model" Carbon Letters 36.3 pp.1125-1143 (2026) : 1125.
Lee Seok-Hee, Jeon Taehun, Kim Neung-Hae, Kim Minjun, Nam Seunghoon, Kim Chunjoong. Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model. 2026; 36(3), 1125-1143. Available from: doi:10.1007/s42823-026-01045-2
Lee Seok-Hee, Jeon Taehun, Kim Neung-Hae, Kim Minjun, Nam Seunghoon and Kim Chunjoong. "Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model" Carbon Letters 36, no.3 (2026) : 1125-1143.doi: 10.1007/s42823-026-01045-2
Lee Seok-Hee; Jeon Taehun; Kim Neung-Hae; Kim Minjun; Nam Seunghoon; Kim Chunjoong. Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model. Carbon Letters, 36(3), 1125-1143. doi: 10.1007/s42823-026-01045-2
Lee Seok-Hee; Jeon Taehun; Kim Neung-Hae; Kim Minjun; Nam Seunghoon; Kim Chunjoong. Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model. Carbon Letters. 2026; 36(3) 1125-1143. doi: 10.1007/s42823-026-01045-2
Lee Seok-Hee, Jeon Taehun, Kim Neung-Hae, Kim Minjun, Nam Seunghoon, Kim Chunjoong. Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model. 2026; 36(3), 1125-1143. Available from: doi:10.1007/s42823-026-01045-2
Lee Seok-Hee, Jeon Taehun, Kim Neung-Hae, Kim Minjun, Nam Seunghoon and Kim Chunjoong. "Thermodynamic analysis of NCM precursor co-precipitation based on a hybrid activity model" Carbon Letters 36, no.3 (2026) : 1125-1143.doi: 10.1007/s42823-026-01045-2
