Analysis of structural and optical properties based on calcium fluoride single crystal growth conditions (Czochralski 공정 기반 불화물 단결정의 열구배 제어와 광학 품질 상관성 연구)

Su Jong Jeon (전수종); June Hyuk Kang (강준혁); Won Bae Sohn (손원배); Jehwan Hwang (황제환); Ju Hyeon Choi (최주현); Jin Hyeok Kim (김진혁); Seon Hoon Kim (김선훈)

doi:10.6111/JKCGCT.2025.35.4.117

Analysis of structural and optical properties based on calcium fluoride single crystal growth conditions

Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
Abbr : J. Korean Cryst. Growth Cryst. Technol.
2025, 35(4), pp.117~123
DOI : 10.6111/JKCGCT.2025.35.4.117
Publisher : The Korea Association Of Crystal Growth, Inc.
Research Area : Engineering > Materials Science and Engineering
Received : November 17, 2025
Accepted : December 3, 2025
Published : December 31, 2025

Su Jong Jeon ¹, June Hyuk Kang ¹, Won Bae Sohn ¹, Jehwan Hwang ¹, Ju Hyeon Choi ¹, Jin Hyeok Kim ², Seon Hoon Kim ¹

¹한국광기술원
²전남대학교

Accredited

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the effect of Czochralski (CZ) growth conditions on the structural and optical properties of high-purity CaF₂ single crystals, with a focus on application in deep ultraviolet (DUV) optical applications. Two (111) single crystals, grown under different pulling and cooling rates (C2308 and C2408), were compared to elucidate the influence of thermal gradients on residual stress development and defect formation. The C2408 (slow-pulling, gradual- cooling) condition reduced thermal gradients, resulting in the suppression of structural defects and stress birefringence. These results demonstrate that controlling growth and cooling rates is a critical factor in determining the overall structural and optical properties of CaF₂ single crystals, including crystallinity, stress-induced birefringence, and defect density.

KEYWORDS

CaF2 single crystal, Czochralski growth, Optical properties

Journal Copyright Policy

This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.

Citation status

* References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.

[confproc] H. Yanagi / 2004 / Properties of large CaF2 crystals grown by CZ method for lens materials / Optical Microlithography XVII 5377 : 1886~

[journal] D. Hahn / 2014 / Calcium fluoride and barium fluoride crystals in optics: multispectral optical materials for a wide spectrum of applications / Optik & Photonik 9 : 45~

[book] N. Sarukura / 2015 / Czochralski growth of oxides and fluorides / Handbook of Crystal Growth : 131~

[confproc] Y. Hatanaka / 2005 / Properties of ultra-large CaF2 crystals for the high NA optics / Optical Microlithography XVIII 5754 : 1279~

[confproc] N. Shiraishi / 2002 / Properties of ultra-large CaF2 crystals for the high NA optics / Optical Microlithography XV 4691 : 149~

[journal] I.H. Elswie / 2016 / The Bridgman method growth and spectroscopic characterization of calcium fluoride single crystals / Science of Sintering 48 : 333~

[journal] L. Su / 2005 / Growth, characterization and optical quality of CaF2 single crystals grown by the temperature gradient technique / Mater. Res. Bull. 40 : 619~

[journal] M.S. Abrahams / 1965 / Effects of growth parameters on dislocations in CaF2 / J. Appl. Phys. 36 : 274~

[journal] L. Shen / 2016 / Influence of the pulling rate on the properties of ZnGeP2 crystal grown by vertical Bridgman method / J. Cryst. Growth 445 : 37~

[confproc] B. Wang / 2003 / The exicor DUV birefringence measurement system and its application to measuring lithography-grade CaF2 lens blanks / Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Materials III 5192 : 94~

[journal] M.K. Lei / 2010 / X-ray diffraction of high nitrogen face centred cubic phase formed on nitrogen modified austenitic stainless steel / Surf. Eng. 26 : 305~

[journal] Y. Zhang / 2022 / Characterization of surface and subsurface defects induced by abrasive machining of optical crystals using grazing incidence Xray diffraction and molecular dynamics / J. Adv. Res. 36 : 51~

[journal] S. Rix / 2011 / Formation of metallic colloids in CaF2 by intense ultraviolet light / Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 : 261909~

[journal] J. Xu / 2006 / Bridgman growth and characterization of calcium fluoride crystals / J. Cryst. Growth 292 : 391~

[journal] J. Vanhellemont / 2013 / The v/G criterion for defect-free silicon single crystal growth from a melt revisited: Implications for large diameter crystals / J. Cryst. Growth 381 : 134~

[journal] N. Miyazaki / 2000 / Dislocation density analyses of GaAs bulk single crystal during growth process (effects of crystal anisotropy) / J. Cryst. Growth 218 : 221~

[journal] N.K. Parambil / 2021 / A methodology for predicting processing induced thermal residual stress in thermoplastic composite at the microscale / Compos. Part B Eng. 231 : 109562~

[journal] Y. Zhao / 2021 / Comparison of the thermal stress behavior of AlN single crystal growth on AlN and SiC seeds via the physical vapor transport method through three-dimensional numerical modeling and simulation / Cryst. Growth Des. 21 : 2653~

[journal] J.H. Burnett / 2001 / Intrinsic birefringence in calcium fluoride and barium fluoride / Phys. Rev. B 64 : 241102~

[journal] W.B. Sohn / 2024 / Study of wavelength-dependent birefringence in CaF₂ single crystals / J. Korean Cryst. Growth Cryst. Technol. 34 : 195~

[journal] I.-K. Hwang / 2003 / Birefringence induced by irregular structure in photonic crystal fiber / Opt. Express 11 : 2799~

[journal] G.C. Soares / 2019 / Effects of adiabatic heating and strain rate on the dynamic response of a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy / J. Dyn. Behav. Mater. 5 : 320~

This paper was written with support from the National Research Foundation of Korea.

KJCKorea
Journal Central

Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology 2025 KCI Impact Factor : 0.14 KCI-WoS Impact Factor : 0.45

Analysis of structural and optical properties based on calcium fluoride single crystal growth conditions

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

Journal Copyright Policy

Citation status

* References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.

Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology 2025 KCI Impact Factor : 0.14 KCI-WoS Impact Factor : 0.45

Analysis of structural and optical properties based on calcium fluoride single crystal growth conditions

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

Journal Copyright Policy

Statistics

Tools

Issue List

Citation status

KCI Citation Counts (0)

REFERENCES (22) * References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.

Search PDF

Citation

* References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.