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A Study on Female Calligraphers in the Joseon Dynasty of Classification by class and the Style Characteristics of Mukjeok Calligraphy(墨跡

Lee Seoung Youn 1

1원광대학교

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ABSTRACT

This paper focused on Mukjeok left by women in the Joseon Dynasty who were actively participating in narrative activities while developing their inborn talents, breaking away from the oppression of Confucian institutions despite the many restrictions they faced in a society where Confucian ethics and Neo-Confucian values were prioritized. Therefore, I analyzed the characteristics of the handwriting of female calligraphers, and classified the calligraphy by class into Phil-jeok(筆跡) and Muk-jeok. Phil-jeok was the means of writing poetical works, paintings and calligraphic works, cooking books, prenatal books, books on living standards, travel essays, and anthologies. Muk-jeok, on the other hand, was the type of writing used to compose documents and calligraphic works, transcribe novels and letters, etc. Mukjeok study methods can be divided based on social class: the royal family, aristocratic family, and Seo-sa-sang-gung. Mukjeok was divided into official documents and personal documents, and the characteristics of the handwriting style were identified by dividing it into Chinese and Korean. There were differences in the categories of narrative activities based on social class. Women in the royal family learned Chinese studies and Confucianism at their homes before entering the palace, and were also able to freely write official documents and Eon-gan(諺簡) in the palace by being accustomed to Phil-muk. Some women in the nobility set up their academic and philosophical thinking systems through studies in their family, and were also referred to as women Seon-bi, female noblemen, and madam. Among them, some were active in writing activities, as they were called female poets, female calligraphers, and female painters because they were good at writing poems, writing books on living standards that are closely related to life, or painting using literary talents. Moreover, Seo-sa-sang-gung were professionals who went through a strict polishing process that enabled them to write necessary letters in court, and played a role in ghostwriting letters from the upper class or transcribing novels. Due to the difference in the academic system and narrative ability of these women according to their social class, more Hangeul calligraphy works remain than Chinese calligraphy works, indicating that Hangeul was used intensively by women after King Sejong's reign and became a leading means of cultural transmission and a leader of change of Gung-che(宮體).

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* References for papers published after 2023 are currently being built.

This paper was written with support from the National Research Foundation of Korea.
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