2016, Vol., No.35

Korean Review of French History 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.67

pISSN : 1229-702X
https://journal.kci.go.kr/krfh

We have only a few of records concerning legal capacity and servile dues of manorial peasants during the Carolingian era. Nevertheless, it’s plain that poll tax was already being imposed on considerable number of peasants in the manors of St. Germain des Prés abbey at the early ninth century, and circumstantial evidences show that the imposition gradually was extending over time. As for merchet and heriot, there are evidences that prove the payments of these dues to the lords before 9th century and around the end of 9th century. Besides, we can see lord’s careful regulation of exogamy among peasants and occasional mentions of inheritance tax in the polyptych of St. Germain des Prés abbey. Consequently, we may say that there were servile dues in a fair number of manors and were increasingly spreading during the Caroligian period. So, existing theory that serfdom of legal and caste-systemic conception does not exist before 11th century will need to be reconsidered.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the construction and diffusion of the historical memories of Marguerite de Valois. During the french wars of religions, her images was tainted with various sexual scandals. The downfall of her reputation was originally envisioned as an assault for the legitimacy of Valois or Bourbon dynasty. Nevertheless, Marguerite de Valois was remembered as one of the most notorious symbol of improper promiscuousness. From 17th to 19th century, the images of Marguerite de Valois was constantly indicated as the evidence of female incompetences, and consequentially used as the instrument of justification for the patriarchal system.

This article arranged socio-economic cost by the economic collaboration and german occupation at the hands of Germany. Also, it examined the various aspects of French and German patrons’ perception on the occupation system, and the change of society, around the occupied territory. Especially it tried to narrowly analyze the certain management cases of industrial activities on the field of energy (electricity, coal, iron and steel industry). So this study illuminated the social and economic distortions on the french enterprise and entrepreneurs by Occupation, and in its response, the role of few company owner as business leader.