2022, Vol., No.47

Korean Review of French History 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.67

pISSN : 1229-702X
https://journal.kci.go.kr/krfh

‘The Journey through the afterlife’ is an important historical document showing how people in the Middle Ages imagined and perceived the world after death. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the various imaginations of the afterlife in the medieval Christian world by studying Tnugdal’s journey to the afterlife. Furthermore, by comparing two manuscripts of Vision of Tnugdal which made in the same region and at different times, this paper tries to examine the historical background and meaning of the differences.

Animal trials in medieval and early modern Europe can be divided into secular trial for livestock and ecclesiastical trial for small animals such as insects and mice. The former was mostly summoned to court for killing children, and the latter was tried for harm to crops. Most of the livestock were hanged, and insects and mice were expelled or excommunicated. The atmosphere of secular and ecclesiastical trials was different. The reason is that unlike secular trial for individual animals, ecclesiastical trial was directly related to the issue of the safety of the community. In other words, the ecclesiastical trial had to deal with the issue of the religious level of the establishment of the relationship of God-Nature-Human being and the economic level of protecting food at the same time. Particularly noteworthy in animal trials is the society’s perception of animals. Even if animals were not human beings, they were considered part of God-made Nature. Irrationality does not mean that communication is impossible, and hierarchies and differences between animals including human beings have not ruled out their right to trial. This can be seen as an attempt to expand human moral standards into the Nature. Since it was based on the perception that law and justice should be applied universally not only to human being but also to all Nature, animals were given the opportunity to trial according to fair procedures. Animal trials are historical evidence that anthropocentrism is not necessarily formed on the premise of difference of rational or intellectual abilities between human being and animal.

The strike of the Paris metallurgists in June 1919 was the first major movement of the immediate postwar period and an important phase in the trade union movement. The situation of the movement was the deterioration of living and working conditions as a result of war. In addition, the application of the eight-hour day labor system might lead to lower wages for workers paid for parts. Parisian metallurgists called for an increase in wages for the compensation. 11 syndicates in Paris and 2 syndicates in the suburbs participated in the strike and formed the Metals Negotiation Committee, organized for negotiations. But the negotiations with industrialists was failing because of refusal of the wage increase. In addition, the inability of Negotiation Committee allowed the Action Committee to lead the movement. The division of labour and the lack of power to push the union organizations into action led the strike to failure.