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Integrated Model for Estimating Construction-Phase Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Apartment Housing Development Projects

  • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
  • Abbr : J EIA
  • 2026, 35(4), pp.305~319
  • Publisher : Korean Society Of Environmental Impact Assessment
  • Research Area : Engineering > Environmental Engineering
  • Received : May 18, 2026
  • Accepted : July 1, 2026
  • Published : August 31, 2026

KunWoo Oh 1,  Younghee Kim 2

1서울주택도시개발공사
2호서대학교

Accredited

ABSTRACT

Greenhouse gas emissions from apartment housing development projects are a key assessment item in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). However, differences in estimation criteria and system boundaries among projects have reduced the comparability and reliability of emission estimation results. In this study, 195 apartment housing development projects that completed the EIA process between 2015 and 2025 were analyzed. Construction-phase emission estimation approaches were classified into four categories, ranging from process-based basic models to full life-cycle expanded models, and the contributions of direct and indirect emissions were analyzed by construction activity and emission source. The analysis of greenhouse gas emission boundaries showed that the process-based basic model, which considers only fuel consumption in earthwork activities, accounted for the largest proportion at 43.1%, followed by the process-expanded model (22.6%), indirect-emission integrated model (24.6%), and full life-cycle expanded model (2.5%). These results indicate that many projects estimate emissions within a limited boundary. The analysis of direct emission contributions revealed that structural work accounted for the highest proportion at 56.3%, followed by demolition work (18.8%), earthwork (18.0%), finishing work (4.6%), and landscaping work (2.3%). In the analysis of indirect emission contributions, electricity consumption at site offices accounted for the largest proportion at 91.3%, followed by municipal solid waste treatment (6.6%), water use (1.1%), human waste treatment (0.9%), and wastewater treatment (0.1%). In addition, emissions from construction waste treatment showed variability depending on project characteristics, but were identified as a major emission source with high contribution levels in most cases. In this study, a contribution-based integrated model reflecting the contributions of construction activities and emission sources was proposed and applied to actual apartment housing development projects. The results showed that the estimated greenhouse gas emissions were 1.1 to 3.5 times higher than those reported in the existing Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). The proposed integrated model can serve as a reference framework for improving the consistency of construction-phase greenhouse gas emission estimation and the comparability of emission estimates among projects.

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