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The 17~19th Century Western Philosophy and Its Relation with Rhetoric

  • Philosophical Investigation
  • 2006, 20(), pp.235~266
  • Publisher : Institute of philosophy in Chung-Ang Univ.
  • Research Area : Humanities > Philosophy

김승철 1

1목원대

Candidate

ABSTRACT

According to John Toland and Leo Strauss, from the ancient period free-thinking philosophers had faced the religio-political persecution and censorship. Yet they did not give up openly expressing their thoughts through their rhetoric, that is, to write between the lines or to distinguish their thoughts between the esoteric and the exoteric meanings. To test the verity of their arguments I have tried to read rhetorically the 17~19th century western philosophers such as Descartes, Spinoza, Lessing, Kant, Fichte, Schlegel and Schleiermacher. Its results follow: Descartes, who seems to prove the existence of God and the immortality of the soul, actually denied them, so that he might be called the founder of the modern rhetorical philosophy. Spinoza provided an ethical justification for the rhetorical philosophy that tried to deceive the censors and oppressors, more emphasizing the importance of life than death. Although it is not well-known, the 18~19th century Prussia (Germany) was the era of the censorship that thoroughly controlled the free religio-political thoughts with its powerful military power and conservative religious zeal of the Prussian National Religion. Lessing laid the foundation of the Prussian rhetorical philosophy to pass the censorship, Kant systematically developed it, and through Fichte and Schlegel the Romantic rhetorical philosophy appeared, that was not only completely hidden but also completely open. Thus even the Romanticists themselves discussed about the impossibility of understanding their own Romantic compositions. Schleiermacher introduced the Romantic rhetoric into the theological world. Thus it can be concluded that the 17~19the century western philosophy is completely rhetorical and it calls us to understand philosophy rhetorically.

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