What Makes the Difference in Reactivity to Failure: Examining the Roles of Happiness, Goal Perception, Grit, Age and Gender (대학생의 실패에 대한 반응성, 무엇이 차이를 만드는가? 대학생의 행복, 목표인식, 그릿, 연령, 성별의 차이를 중심으로)

Jin, Yemin (진예민); Bae, You Jin (배유진); Sujin Yang (양수진)

doi:10.35574/KJDP.2021.9.34.3.43

What Makes the Difference in Reactivity to Failure: Examining the Roles of Happiness, Goal Perception, Grit, Age and Gender

THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
2021, 34(3), pp.43-65
DOI : 10.35574/KJDP.2021.9.34.3.43
Publisher : The Korean Society For Developmental Psychology
Research Area : Social Science > Psychological Science
Received : April 15, 2021
Accepted : August 31, 2021
Published : September 15, 2021

Jin, Yemin ¹, Bae, You Jin ¹, Sujin Yang ¹

¹이화여자대학교

Accredited

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to examine whether individual characteristics, such as happiness, goal perception, grit, age, and gender, caused differences in reactivity to failure (i.e., failure-is-enhancing mindset, failure tolerance, learned helplessness, and fear of failure). A total of 449 undergraduate students aged 18-25 were recruited for a web-based survey study. The multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model offered a good fit of the data and indicated that individuals were significantly different in their reactivity to failure. Specifically, both happier individuals and those with clearer goal-perception reacted more positively to all failure-associated reactivities (p<.05). However, other relationships such as those between grittiness, learned helplessness, and fear of failure; age and reactivity types other than fear of failure; and gender and fear of failure, were not significant. The implications and limitations of this study are further discussed.

KEYWORDS

failure-is-enhancing mindset, failure tolerance, learned helplessness, fear of failure, happiness, goal perception, grit, multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model

Citation status

* References for papers published after 2023 are currently being built.

[journal] 고홍월 / 2012 / The Differences in Academic Burnout and Academic Failure Tolerance between Motivation Types / 아시아교육연구 / 교육연구소 13(1) : 125~147

[web] 박형수 / 2017 / 학업 중단 이유는? 학생 41%“친구 관계 힘들어요” / 중앙일보 / https://news.joins.com/article/22038513

[thesis] 구재선 / 2005 / 성격, 효능감, 생활경험과 주관적 행복의 관계 : 토착심리학적 접근 / 박사 / 중앙대학교 대학원

[journal] 구재선 / 2012 / Happiness Predicts Objective Academic Performance / 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 / 한국사회및성격심리학회 26(2) : 35~50

[book] 김수영 / 2016 / 구조방정식 모형의 기본과 확장 / 학지사

[journal] 김아영 / 2002 / Development of Standardized Student Motivation Scales / 교육평가연구 / 한국교육평가학회 15(1) : 157~184

[other] 교육부 / 2019 / OECD 교육지표 2019 / 공공누리 : 6~

[journal] 김연중 / 2012 / The Relation of Two Dimensional Typology in Perceived Career Barriers and Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy with College Students' Learning Behavior / 상담학연구 / 한국상담학회 13(5) : 2443~2461

[journal] 김왕배 / 2014 / 한국의 교육열 / 지식의 지평 (17) : 104~120

[thesis] 김은하 / 2014 / 목표지향성과 피드백 유형이 학업적 실패내성에 미치는 영향 / 석사 / 서울대학교 대학원

[journal] 김은하 / 2018 / Difference in Academic Failure Tolerance According to Classroom Goal Structures and Feedback Types / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 32(2) : 207~228

[journal] 김진구 / 2017 / The longitudinal effects of theory of implicit intelligence on academic achievement: The mediating effect of grit / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 31(1) : 145~162

[journal] 김종백 / 2017 / Creative failure for learner’s intellectual growth / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 31(4) : 745~766

[journal] 김현욱 / 2020 / A study on the academic failure / 학습자중심교과교육연구 / 학습자중심교과교육학회 20(4) : 873~892

[journal] 민무숙 / 2002 / 여대생의 직업세계로의 이행을 위한 대학의 지원현황과 정책과제 / 여성연구 63 : 52~80

[journal] 류재준 / 2018 / Moderating Effects of Goal Types in the Relationship among Growth Mindset, Self-Determination, and Grit / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 32(3) : 397~419

[thesis] 박서단 / 2020 / 실패마인드셋 척도의 개발 및 타당화 연구 / 석사 / 이화여자대학교

[journal] 박혜영 / 2010 / A Study on the Glass Ceiling in the Public Personnel Management / 지방정부연구 / 한국지방정부학회 13(4) : 7~31

[thesis] 배정희 / 2008 / 인간관계, 학습사 및 동기적 변인들이 학습된 무기력에 미치는 효과 / 박사 / 강원대학교 대학원

[journal] 백지은 / 2016 / A Study on the Relationship between Perceived Parental Psychological Control and Academic Procrastination of Middle School Students: The Mediating Effects of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Fear of Failure / 한국심리학회지:학교 / 한국심리학회산하학교심리학회 13(1) : 99~122

[journal] 서은국 / 2011 / A Concise Measure of Subjective Well-Being(COMOSWB): Scale Development and Validation / 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 / 한국사회및성격심리학회 25(1) : 95~113

[thesis] 申基明 / 1990 / 學習된 無力感診斷尺度의 開發에 관한 연구 / 박사 / 建國大學校大學院

[journal] 신종호 / 2012 / Development of a Goal Questionnaire for Engineering Experts / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 26(2) : 353~376

[journal] 안다휘 / 2017 / The Relationship among Grit, Optimism and Affective-Cognitive Responses in the Repeated Failure Situation / 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 / 한국사회및성격심리학회 31(4) : 79~102

[journal] 안태영 / 2020 / Latent Profile Analysis of Grit, Academic Failure Tolerance, and Achievement Goal Orientation among University Students / 한국심리학회지: 발달 / 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 33(1) : 103~125

[journal] 안태영 / 2020 / How Does Grit Develop? A Focus on the Relationship between Perceived Parents Failure Mindset, Parental Academic Expectation, and Failure Tolerance among University Students / 한국심리학회지: 발달 / 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 33(2) : 103~121

[journal] 오헌석 / 2009 / A Comparative Study of the Main Characteristics Between the Top Experts from General Experts in Company Context / 아시아교육연구 / 교육연구소 10(4) : 105~135

[journal] 이성원 / 2019 / Development of Self-Disclosure Scale for Academic Failure / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 33(2) : 289~316

[other] 이수란 / 2020 / 한국판 삼원그릿 척도의 개발 및 타당화

[journal] 이현우 / 2006 / Neuropsychological Factors Affected on 'Yips' Phenomenon in Amateur Golfers / 한국스포츠심리학회지 / 한국스포츠심리학회 17(4) : 215~228

[journal] 이정림 / 2016 / An Analysis of Structural Relationship among Locus of Control, Mindset, Grit, and Academic Achievement / 청소년학연구 / 한국청소년학회 23(11) : 245~264

[journal] 임성문 / 2006 / Measurement of Arousal Type and Avoidance Type in Chronic Procrastination: Is Validated Ferrari's Suggestion? / 한국심리학회지:일반 / 한국심리학회 25(2) : 91~102

[journal] 임성문 / 2007 / The Relation between Sensation Seeking, Fear of Failure, Perfectionism and Chronic Procrastination of College Students : The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficasy / 한국청소년연구 / 한국청소년정책연구원 18(3) : 323~356

[journal] 임효진 / 2016 / The Relationship among Grit, Self-efficacy, Achievement Goal, and Academic Self-Regulation in Elementary School Children / 교육과학연구 / 교육과학연구소 47(3) : 43~65

[journal] 임효진 / 2017 / An Exploratory Study on Grit’s Factor Structure and its Validity / 아시아교육연구 / 교육연구소 18(2) : 169~192

[journal] 임효진 / 2019 / Reconceptualization of Grit: Focusing on Purpose, Passion, and Perseverance / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 33(3) : 317~339

[journal] 정지혜 / 2019 / The Relationship Between Grit and Mental Well-Being Among Young Adults: The Mediating Effects of Career Calling and Job-Seeking Stress / 한국심리학회지: 발달 / 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 32(3) : 37~59

[journal] 조혜원 / 2016 / An Analysis of the Managerial Level’s Gender Gap and “Glass Ceiling” of the Corporation / 한국사회정책 / 한국사회정책학회 23(2) : 49~81

[thesis] 주지은 / 1999 / 학습자의 동기적 특성과 학업 성취간의 관계 : 학습된 무기력과 실패내성을 중심으로 / 석사 / 이화여자대학교 교육대학원

[thesis] 최용선 / 2001 / 고등학생의 학습된 무기력과 자아개념의 관계분석 : 고양시 인문계와 실업계 고등학교를 중심으로 / 석사 / 성균관대학교 교육대학원

[journal] 최현정 / 2019 / The Relationship between Parenting Attitudes Perceived by Elementary School Students and Their Learned Helplessness: The Moderated Mediation Effect of Academic Failure Tolerance and Resilience / 한국심리학회지:학교 / 한국심리학회산하학교심리학회 16(2) : 189~205

[other] 통계청 / 2013 / 2013 청소년 통계 : 18~

[other] 통계청 / 2020 / 2019년 초중고 사교육비조사 결과 / 공공누리 : 5~15

[journal] 하혜숙 / 2017 / The Role of Grit, Goal Perception, Conscientiousness and Resilience in Academic Adjustment / 상담학연구 / 한국상담학회 18(1) : 371~388

[journal] 한영숙 / 2011 / The Effects of Perfectionism, Self-efficacy, and Fear of failure on Procrastination / 청소년학연구 / 한국청소년학회 18(4) : 277~299

[journal] 홍국진 / 2014 / The mediating effect of failure-tolerance on the relationship between social support and career maturity, as perceived by adolescents / 한국청소년연구 / 한국청소년정책연구원 25(3) : 125~143

[journal] Aspinwall, L. G. / 1997 / A stitch in time : Self-regulation and proactive coping / Psychological Bulletin 121(3) : 417~436

[journal] Baù, M. / 2017 / Fail but Try Again? The Effects of Age, Gender, and Multiple-Owner Experience on Failed Entrepreneurs’ Reentry / Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41(6) : 909~941

[book] Baumgardner, S. / 2014 / Positive Psychology / Pearson

[journal] Boomsma, A. / 2000 / Reporting analyses of covariance structures / Structural equation modeling : A Multidisciplinary Journal 7(3) : 461~481

[book] Brown, T. A. / 2009 / Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research / Guilford Publications

[book] Carver, C. S. / 2010 / Positive Clinical Psychology : 819~906

[journal] Clifford, M. M. / 1984 / Thoughts on a theory of constructive failure / Educational Psychologist 19(2) : 108~120

[journal] Clifford, M. M. / 1988 / Failure tolerance and academic risk-taking in ten-to twelveyear-old students / British Journal of Educational Psychology 58(1) : 15~27

[journal] Clifford, M. M. / 1988 / Responses to Failure as Influenced by Task Attribution, Outcome Attribution, and Failure Tolerance / The Journal of Experimental Education 57(1) : 17~37

[journal] Conroy, D. E. / 2002 / Multidimensional fear of failure measurement : The performance failure appraisal inventory / Journal of applied sport psychology 14(2) : 76~90

[journal] Conroy, D. E. / 2004 / The Unique Psychological Meanings of Multidimensional Fears of Failing / Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26(3) : 484~491

[book] Coˆte´, J. / 2000 / Arrested adulthood: The changing nature of maturity and identity in the late modern world / New York University Press

[book] Cyert, R. / 1963 / Organizational Behavior2:Essential Theories of Process And Structure / NY M. E. Sharpe : 60~73

[journal] Datu, J. D. / 2018 / Exploring determination for long term goals in a collectivist context : a Qualitative study / Current Psychology 37(1) : 263~271

[journal] Dennis, J. P. / 2009 / The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory : Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity / Cognitive Therapy and Research 34(3) : 241~253

[journal] Duckworth, A. L. / 2007 / Grit : Perseverance and passion for long-term goals / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92(6) : 1087~1101

[journal] Duckworth, A. L. / 2009 / Development and Validation of the Short Grit Scale(Grit–S) / Journal of Personality Assessment 91(2) : 166~174

[journal] Duckworth, A. L. / 2010 / Deliberate Practice Spells Success / Social Psychological and Personality Science 2(2) : 174~181

[journal] Ericsson, K. A. / 2004 / Deliberate Practice and the Acquisition and Maintenance of Expert Performance in Medicine and Related Domains / Academic Medicine 79(10) : S70~S81

[journal] Fredrickson, B. L. / 2000 / Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing / Prevention & treatment 3(1) : 1~25

[journal] Fredrickson, B. L. / 2001 / The role of positive emotions in positive psychology : The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions / American psychologist 56(3) : 218~226

[journal] Haimovitz, K. / 2016 / What predicts children’s fixed and growth intelligence mind-sets? Not their parents’views of intelligence but their parents’views of failure / Psychological science 27(6) : 859~869

[journal] Hochanadel, A. / 2015 / Fixed And Growth Mindset In Education And How Grit Helps Students Persist In The Face Of Adversity / Journal of International Education Research(JIER) 11(1) : 47~50

[journal] Hu, L. T. / 1999 / Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives / Structural equation modeling : a multidisciplinary journal 6(1) : 1~55

[book] Hybron, D. M. / 2008 / Organizational behavior / M. E. Sharpe : 60~73

[journal] Jöreskog, K. G. / 1975 / Estimation of a model with multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single latent variable / Journal of the American Statistical Association 70(351) : 631~639

[journal] Kahneman, D. / 1979 / On the interpretation of intuitive probability : A reply to Jonathan Cohen / Cognition 7(4) : 409~411

[book] Kaplan, D. / 2008 / Structural Equation Modeling: Foundations and extensions / Sage Publications

[journal] Kapur, M. / 2008 / Productive Failure / Cognition and Instruction 26(3) : 379~424

[journal] Keyes, C. L. / 2007 / Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing : A complementary strategy for improving national mental health / American Psychologist 62(2) : 95~108

[book] Kline, R. B. / 2011 / Principles and practice of structural equation modeling / Guilford

[journal] Kutney, Joshua P. / 2008 / Guaranteeing the Failure of First-Year Composition : Four Assumptions about Writing Expertise That Support an Unattainable Standard for Transfer / The International Journal of Learning : Annual Review 15(8) : 223~228

[journal] Little, T. D. / 2013 / Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one / Psychological Methods 18(3) : 285~300

[book] Loewenstein, G. / 2003 / Handbook of affective sciences / Oxford University Press : 619~642

[journal] Lyubomirsky, S. / 2005 / The benefits of frequent positive affect : Does happiness lead to success? / Psychological bulletin 131(6) : 803~855

[journal] Mcgrath, R. G. / 1999 / Falling Forward : Real Options Reasoning and Entrepreneurial Failure / The Academy of Management Review 24(1) : 13~30

[journal] Mcgregor, H. A. / 2005 / The Shame of Failure : Examining the Link Between Fear of Failure and Shame / Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31(2) : 218~231

[journal] Matsunaga, M. / 2008 / Item parceling in structural equation modeling : A primer / Communication Methods and Measures 2(4) : 260~293

[journal] Roth, G. / 2009 / Mothers parenting practices and adolescents learning from their mistakes in class : The mediating role of adolescents self-disclosure / Learning and Instruction 19(6) : 506~512

[journal] Ruthig, J. C. / 2004 / Optimism and Attributional Retraining : Longitudinal Effects on Academic Achievement, Test Anxiety, and Voluntary Course Withdrawal in College Students / Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34(4) : 709~730

[book] Ryff, C. D. / 2003 / Series in affective science. Handbook of affective sciences / Oxford University Press : 1083~1104

[journal] Schunk, D. H. / 1987 / Peer-model attributes and childrens achievement behaviors / Journal of Educational Psychology 79(1) : 54~61

[book] Seligman, M. E. P. / 1975 / Helplessness : On depression, development, and death / Freeman

[journal] Shepherd, D. A. / 2003 / Learning from Business Failure : Propositions of Grief Recovery for the Self-Employed / The Academy of Management Review 28(2) : 318~328

[journal] Solomon, L. J. / 1984 / Academic procrastination : Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates / Journal of Counseling Psychology 31(4) : 503~509

[journal] Steenkamp, J. B. E. / 1998 / Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research / Journal of Consumer Research 25(1) : 78~90

[journal] Sternberg, R. J. / 2001 / What is the common thread of creativity? Its dialectical relation to intelligence and wisdom / American Psychologist 56(4) : 360~362

[journal] Stokes, D. / 2002 / Learning the hard way : the lessons of ownermanagers who have closed their businesses / Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 9(1) : 17~27

[journal] Vansteenkiste, M. / 2005 / Examining the motivational impact of intrinsic versus extrinsic goal framing and autonomy-supportive versus internally controlling communication style on early adolescents' academic achievement / Child development 76(2) : 483~501

[journal] Williams, J. M. / 2013 / Overcoming Adversity : High-Achieving African American Youths Perspectives on Educational Resilience / Journal of Counseling & Development 91(3) : 291~300

[journal] Zimmerman, B. J. / 1994 / Impact of Self-Regulatory Influences on Writing Course Attainment / American Educational Research Journal 31(4) : 845~862

KJCKorea
Journal Central

THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.67

What Makes the Difference in Reactivity to Failure: Examining the Roles of Happiness, Goal Perception, Grit, Age and Gender

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

Citation status

* References for papers published after 2023 are currently being built.

THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.67

What Makes the Difference in Reactivity to Failure: Examining the Roles of Happiness, Goal Perception, Grit, Age and Gender

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

Statistics

Tools

Issue List

Citation status

KCI Citation Counts (8)

REFERENCES (97) * References for papers published after 2023 are currently being built.

Search PDF

Citation

* References for papers published after 2023 are currently being built.