What Makes the Difference in Reactivity to Failure: Examining the Roles of Happiness, Goal Perception, Grit, Age and Gender (대학생의 실패에 대한 반응성, 무엇이 차이를 만드는가? 대학생의 행복, 목표인식, 그릿, 연령, 성별의 차이를 중심으로)

Jin, Yemin (진예민); Bae, You Jin (배유진); Sujin Yang (양수진)

doi:10.35574/KJDP.2021.9.34.3.43

What Makes the Difference in Reactivity to Failure: Examining the Roles of Happiness, Goal Perception, Grit, Age and Gender

THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
2021, 34(3), pp.43~65
DOI : 10.35574/KJDP.2021.9.34.3.43
Publisher : The Korean Society For Developmental Psychology
Research Area : Social Science > Psychological Science
Received : April 15, 2021
Accepted : August 31, 2021
Published : September 15, 2021

Jin, Yemin ¹, Bae, You Jin ¹, Sujin Yang ¹

¹이화여자대학교

Accredited

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to examine whether individual characteristics, such as happiness, goal perception, grit, age, and gender, caused differences in reactivity to failure (i.e., failure-is-enhancing mindset, failure tolerance, learned helplessness, and fear of failure). A total of 449 undergraduate students aged 18-25 were recruited for a web-based survey study. The multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model offered a good fit of the data and indicated that individuals were significantly different in their reactivity to failure. Specifically, both happier individuals and those with clearer goal-perception reacted more positively to all failure-associated reactivities (p<.05). However, other relationships such as those between grittiness, learned helplessness, and fear of failure; age and reactivity types other than fear of failure; and gender and fear of failure, were not significant. The implications and limitations of this study are further discussed.

KEYWORDS

failure-is-enhancing mindset, failure tolerance, learned helplessness, fear of failure, happiness, goal perception, grit, multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model

Journal Copyright Policy

This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.

Citation status

* References for papers published after 2025 are currently being built.

[journal] 고홍월 / 2012 / The Differences in Academic Burnout and Academic Failure Tolerance between Motivation Types / 아시아교육연구 / 교육연구소 13(1) : 125~147

[web] 박형수 / 2017 / 학업 중단 이유는? 학생 41%“친구 관계 힘들어요” / 중앙일보 / https://news.joins.com/article/22038513

[thesis] 구재선 / 2005 / 성격, 효능감, 생활경험과 주관적 행복의 관계 : 토착심리학적 접근 / 박사 / 중앙대학교 대학원

[journal] 구재선 / 2012 / Happiness Predicts Objective Academic Performance / 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 / 한국사회및성격심리학회 26(2) : 35~50

[book] 김수영 / 2016 / 구조방정식 모형의 기본과 확장 / 학지사

[journal] 김아영 / 2002 / Development of Standardized Student Motivation Scales / 교육평가연구 / 한국교육평가학회 15(1) : 157~184

[other] 교육부 / 2019 / OECD 교육지표 2019 / 공공누리 : 6~

[journal] 김연중 / 2012 / The Relation of Two Dimensional Typology in Perceived Career Barriers and Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy with College Students' Learning Behavior / 상담학연구 / 한국상담학회 13(5) : 2443~2461

[journal] 김왕배 / 2014 / 한국의 교육열 / 지식의 지평 (17) : 104~120

[thesis] 김은하 / 2014 / 목표지향성과 피드백 유형이 학업적 실패내성에 미치는 영향 / 석사 / 서울대학교 대학원

[journal] 김은하 / 2018 / Difference in Academic Failure Tolerance According to Classroom Goal Structures and Feedback Types / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 32(2) : 207~228

[journal] 김진구 / 2017 / The longitudinal effects of theory of implicit intelligence on academic achievement: The mediating effect of grit / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 31(1) : 145~162

[journal] 김종백 / 2017 / Creative failure for learner’s intellectual growth / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 31(4) : 745~766

[journal] 김현욱 / 2020 / A study on the academic failure / 학습자중심교과교육연구 / 학습자중심교과교육학회 20(4) : 873~892

[journal] 민무숙 / 2002 / 여대생의 직업세계로의 이행을 위한 대학의 지원현황과 정책과제 / 여성연구 63 : 52~80

[journal] 류재준 / 2018 / Moderating Effects of Goal Types in the Relationship among Growth Mindset, Self-Determination, and Grit / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 32(3) : 397~419

[thesis] 박서단 / 2020 / 실패마인드셋 척도의 개발 및 타당화 연구 / 석사 / 이화여자대학교

[journal] 박혜영 / 2010 / A Study on the Glass Ceiling in the Public Personnel Management / 지방정부연구 / 한국지방정부학회 13(4) : 7~31

[thesis] 배정희 / 2008 / 인간관계, 학습사 및 동기적 변인들이 학습된 무기력에 미치는 효과 / 박사 / 강원대학교 대학원

[journal] 백지은 / 2016 / A Study on the Relationship between Perceived Parental Psychological Control and Academic Procrastination of Middle School Students: The Mediating Effects of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Fear of Failure / 한국심리학회지:학교 / 한국심리학회산하학교심리학회 13(1) : 99~122

[journal] 서은국 / 2011 / A Concise Measure of Subjective Well-Being(COMOSWB): Scale Development and Validation / 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 / 한국사회및성격심리학회 25(1) : 95~113

[thesis] 申基明 / 1990 / 學習된 無力感診斷尺度의 開發에 관한 연구 / 박사 / 建國大學校大學院

[journal] 신종호 / 2012 / Development of a Goal Questionnaire for Engineering Experts / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 26(2) : 353~376

[journal] 안다휘 / 2017 / The Relationship among Grit, Optimism and Affective-Cognitive Responses in the Repeated Failure Situation / 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 / 한국사회및성격심리학회 31(4) : 79~102

[journal] 안태영 / 2020 / Latent Profile Analysis of Grit, Academic Failure Tolerance, and Achievement Goal Orientation among University Students / 한국심리학회지: 발달 / 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 33(1) : 103~125

[journal] 안태영 / 2020 / How Does Grit Develop? A Focus on the Relationship between Perceived Parents Failure Mindset, Parental Academic Expectation, and Failure Tolerance among University Students / 한국심리학회지: 발달 / 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 33(2) : 103~121

[journal] 오헌석 / 2009 / A Comparative Study of the Main Characteristics Between the Top Experts from General Experts in Company Context / 아시아교육연구 / 교육연구소 10(4) : 105~135

[journal] 이성원 / 2019 / Development of Self-Disclosure Scale for Academic Failure / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 33(2) : 289~316

[other] 이수란 / 2020 / 한국판 삼원그릿 척도의 개발 및 타당화

[journal] 이현우 / 2006 / Neuropsychological Factors Affected on 'Yips' Phenomenon in Amateur Golfers / 한국스포츠심리학회지 / 한국스포츠심리학회 17(4) : 215~228

[journal] 이정림 / 2016 / An Analysis of Structural Relationship among Locus of Control, Mindset, Grit, and Academic Achievement / 청소년학연구 / 한국청소년학회 23(11) : 245~264

[journal] 임성문 / 2006 / Measurement of Arousal Type and Avoidance Type in Chronic Procrastination: Is Validated Ferrari's Suggestion? / 한국심리학회지:일반 / 한국심리학회 25(2) : 91~102

[journal] 임성문 / 2007 / The Relation between Sensation Seeking, Fear of Failure, Perfectionism and Chronic Procrastination of College Students : The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficasy / 한국청소년연구 / 한국청소년정책연구원 18(3) : 323~356

[journal] 임효진 / 2016 / The Relationship among Grit, Self-efficacy, Achievement Goal, and Academic Self-Regulation in Elementary School Children / 교육과학연구 / 교육과학연구소 47(3) : 43~65

[journal] 임효진 / 2017 / An Exploratory Study on Grit’s Factor Structure and its Validity / 아시아교육연구 / 교육연구소 18(2) : 169~192

[journal] 임효진 / 2019 / Reconceptualization of Grit: Focusing on Purpose, Passion, and Perseverance / 교육심리연구 / 한국교육심리학회 33(3) : 317~339

[journal] 정지혜 / 2019 / The Relationship Between Grit and Mental Well-Being Among Young Adults: The Mediating Effects of Career Calling and Job-Seeking Stress / 한국심리학회지: 발달 / 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 32(3) : 37~59

[journal] 조혜원 / 2016 / An Analysis of the Managerial Level’s Gender Gap and “Glass Ceiling” of the Corporation / 한국사회정책 / 한국사회정책학회 23(2) : 49~81

[thesis] 주지은 / 1999 / 학습자의 동기적 특성과 학업 성취간의 관계 : 학습된 무기력과 실패내성을 중심으로 / 석사 / 이화여자대학교 교육대학원

[thesis] 최용선 / 2001 / 고등학생의 학습된 무기력과 자아개념의 관계분석 : 고양시 인문계와 실업계 고등학교를 중심으로 / 석사 / 성균관대학교 교육대학원

[journal] 최현정 / 2019 / The Relationship between Parenting Attitudes Perceived by Elementary School Students and Their Learned Helplessness: The Moderated Mediation Effect of Academic Failure Tolerance and Resilience / 한국심리학회지:학교 / 한국심리학회산하학교심리학회 16(2) : 189~205

[other] 통계청 / 2013 / 2013 청소년 통계 : 18~

[other] 통계청 / 2020 / 2019년 초중고 사교육비조사 결과 / 공공누리 : 5~15

[journal] 하혜숙 / 2017 / The Role of Grit, Goal Perception, Conscientiousness and Resilience in Academic Adjustment / 상담학연구 / 한국상담학회 18(1) : 371~388

[journal] 한영숙 / 2011 / The Effects of Perfectionism, Self-efficacy, and Fear of failure on Procrastination / 청소년학연구 / 한국청소년학회 18(4) : 277~299

[journal] 홍국진 / 2014 / The mediating effect of failure-tolerance on the relationship between social support and career maturity, as perceived by adolescents / 한국청소년연구 / 한국청소년정책연구원 25(3) : 125~143

[journal] Aspinwall, L. G. / 1997 / A stitch in time : Self-regulation and proactive coping / Psychological Bulletin 121(3) : 417~436

[journal] Baù, M. / 2017 / Fail but Try Again? The Effects of Age, Gender, and Multiple-Owner Experience on Failed Entrepreneurs’ Reentry / Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41(6) : 909~941

[book] Baumgardner, S. / 2014 / Positive Psychology / Pearson

[journal] Boomsma, A. / 2000 / Reporting analyses of covariance structures / Structural equation modeling : A Multidisciplinary Journal 7(3) : 461~481

[book] Brown, T. A. / 2009 / Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research / Guilford Publications

[book] Carver, C. S. / 2010 / Positive Clinical Psychology : 819~906

[journal] Clifford, M. M. / 1984 / Thoughts on a theory of constructive failure / Educational Psychologist 19(2) : 108~120

[journal] Clifford, M. M. / 1988 / Failure tolerance and academic risk-taking in ten-to twelveyear-old students / British Journal of Educational Psychology 58(1) : 15~27

[journal] Clifford, M. M. / 1988 / Responses to Failure as Influenced by Task Attribution, Outcome Attribution, and Failure Tolerance / The Journal of Experimental Education 57(1) : 17~37

[journal] Conroy, D. E. / 2002 / Multidimensional fear of failure measurement : The performance failure appraisal inventory / Journal of applied sport psychology 14(2) : 76~90

[journal] Conroy, D. E. / 2004 / The Unique Psychological Meanings of Multidimensional Fears of Failing / Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26(3) : 484~491

[book] Coˆte´, J. / 2000 / Arrested adulthood: The changing nature of maturity and identity in the late modern world / New York University Press

[book] Cyert, R. / 1963 / Organizational Behavior2:Essential Theories of Process And Structure / NY M. E. Sharpe : 60~73

[journal] Datu, J. D. / 2018 / Exploring determination for long term goals in a collectivist context : a Qualitative study / Current Psychology 37(1) : 263~271

[journal] Dennis, J. P. / 2009 / The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory : Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity / Cognitive Therapy and Research 34(3) : 241~253

[journal] Duckworth, A. L. / 2007 / Grit : Perseverance and passion for long-term goals / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92(6) : 1087~1101

[journal] Duckworth, A. L. / 2009 / Development and Validation of the Short Grit Scale(Grit–S) / Journal of Personality Assessment 91(2) : 166~174

[journal] Duckworth, A. L. / 2010 / Deliberate Practice Spells Success / Social Psychological and Personality Science 2(2) : 174~181

[journal] Ericsson, K. A. / 2004 / Deliberate Practice and the Acquisition and Maintenance of Expert Performance in Medicine and Related Domains / Academic Medicine 79(10) : S70~S81

[journal] Fredrickson, B. L. / 2000 / Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing / Prevention & treatment 3(1) : 1~25

[journal] Fredrickson, B. L. / 2001 / The role of positive emotions in positive psychology : The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions / American psychologist 56(3) : 218~226

[journal] Haimovitz, K. / 2016 / What predicts children’s fixed and growth intelligence mind-sets? Not their parents’views of intelligence but their parents’views of failure / Psychological science 27(6) : 859~869

[journal] Hochanadel, A. / 2015 / Fixed And Growth Mindset In Education And How Grit Helps Students Persist In The Face Of Adversity / Journal of International Education Research(JIER) 11(1) : 47~50

[journal] Hu, L. T. / 1999 / Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives / Structural equation modeling : a multidisciplinary journal 6(1) : 1~55

[book] Hybron, D. M. / 2008 / Organizational behavior / M. E. Sharpe : 60~73

[journal] Jöreskog, K. G. / 1975 / Estimation of a model with multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single latent variable / Journal of the American Statistical Association 70(351) : 631~639

[journal] Kahneman, D. / 1979 / On the interpretation of intuitive probability : A reply to Jonathan Cohen / Cognition 7(4) : 409~411

[book] Kaplan, D. / 2008 / Structural Equation Modeling: Foundations and extensions / Sage Publications

[journal] Kapur, M. / 2008 / Productive Failure / Cognition and Instruction 26(3) : 379~424

[journal] Keyes, C. L. / 2007 / Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing : A complementary strategy for improving national mental health / American Psychologist 62(2) : 95~108

[book] Kline, R. B. / 2011 / Principles and practice of structural equation modeling / Guilford

[journal] Kutney, Joshua P. / 2008 / Guaranteeing the Failure of First-Year Composition : Four Assumptions about Writing Expertise That Support an Unattainable Standard for Transfer / The International Journal of Learning : Annual Review 15(8) : 223~228

[journal] Little, T. D. / 2013 / Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one / Psychological Methods 18(3) : 285~300

[book] Loewenstein, G. / 2003 / Handbook of affective sciences / Oxford University Press : 619~642

[journal] Lyubomirsky, S. / 2005 / The benefits of frequent positive affect : Does happiness lead to success? / Psychological bulletin 131(6) : 803~855

[journal] Mcgrath, R. G. / 1999 / Falling Forward : Real Options Reasoning and Entrepreneurial Failure / The Academy of Management Review 24(1) : 13~30

[journal] Mcgregor, H. A. / 2005 / The Shame of Failure : Examining the Link Between Fear of Failure and Shame / Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31(2) : 218~231

[journal] Matsunaga, M. / 2008 / Item parceling in structural equation modeling : A primer / Communication Methods and Measures 2(4) : 260~293

[journal] Roth, G. / 2009 / Mothers parenting practices and adolescents learning from their mistakes in class : The mediating role of adolescents self-disclosure / Learning and Instruction 19(6) : 506~512

[journal] Ruthig, J. C. / 2004 / Optimism and Attributional Retraining : Longitudinal Effects on Academic Achievement, Test Anxiety, and Voluntary Course Withdrawal in College Students / Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34(4) : 709~730

[book] Ryff, C. D. / 2003 / Series in affective science. Handbook of affective sciences / Oxford University Press : 1083~1104

[journal] Schunk, D. H. / 1987 / Peer-model attributes and childrens achievement behaviors / Journal of Educational Psychology 79(1) : 54~61

[book] Seligman, M. E. P. / 1975 / Helplessness : On depression, development, and death / Freeman

[journal] Shepherd, D. A. / 2003 / Learning from Business Failure : Propositions of Grief Recovery for the Self-Employed / The Academy of Management Review 28(2) : 318~328

[journal] Solomon, L. J. / 1984 / Academic procrastination : Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates / Journal of Counseling Psychology 31(4) : 503~509

[journal] Steenkamp, J. B. E. / 1998 / Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research / Journal of Consumer Research 25(1) : 78~90

[journal] Sternberg, R. J. / 2001 / What is the common thread of creativity? Its dialectical relation to intelligence and wisdom / American Psychologist 56(4) : 360~362

[journal] Stokes, D. / 2002 / Learning the hard way : the lessons of ownermanagers who have closed their businesses / Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 9(1) : 17~27

[journal] Vansteenkiste, M. / 2005 / Examining the motivational impact of intrinsic versus extrinsic goal framing and autonomy-supportive versus internally controlling communication style on early adolescents' academic achievement / Child development 76(2) : 483~501

[journal] Williams, J. M. / 2013 / Overcoming Adversity : High-Achieving African American Youths Perspectives on Educational Resilience / Journal of Counseling & Development 91(3) : 291~300

[journal] Zimmerman, B. J. / 1994 / Impact of Self-Regulatory Influences on Writing Course Attainment / American Educational Research Journal 31(4) : 845~862

KJCKorea
Journal Central

THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2025 KCI Impact Factor : 1.27