KJCKorea
Journal Central

This study aims to develop and validate a scale for measuring the rapidly growing problem of smart media use in young children (PSMU). An exploratory factor analysis was conducted with 14 items derived from interviews, pilot testing with mothers of toddlers aged 18 months to 5 years and content validation. The exploratory factor analysis involved 425 mothers, resulting in nine items selected for three factors. To validate this scale, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, mean comparison, and nomological network analysis with another 345 mothers of toddlers. The results showed that the PSMU scale is a reliable and valid measure of parent-reported child craving for and dependence on smart media and parental permission levels. The development and validation of the PSMU scale are significant in providing a foundation for appropriate early intervention based on accurate assessments that consider the developmental aspects of infants and toddlers.

By considering the roles of parenting efficacy and parenting stress, this research sought to understand how maternal mindfulness influences parent-adolescent relationships. Surveys on 307 mothers with children in middle and high school revealed several correlations. First, mindfulness in mothers, parent-child relationships, and parental efficacy all showed significant positive correlations with each other. Additionally, parenting stress and mindfulness in mothers, parent-child relationships, and parental efficacy each showed significant negative correlations. Interestingly, while high maternal mindfulness appeared to enhance parenting efficacy and reduce stress, only parenting stress, served as a mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and the parent-child bond. These findings underscore the importance of maternal mindfulness in fostering healthier parent-child dynamics.

An involuntary autobiographical memory(IAM) is a memory of a personal experience that comes to consciousness spontaneously, without preceding attempts to retrieve it. This study investigated the characteristics of IAM and the effects of IAM on emotion in young adults and older adults. Participants were 69 young (M = 22.47, 33 males, 36 females) and 43 older (M = 75.52, 21 males, 22 females) adults. They maintained an IAM diary which is composed of the contents, level of emotional valence, vividness, and rehearsal of memory, etc. for seven days. Using the data from the IAM diary, memories were classified based on the theme categories and the relationship between the frequency of IAM and mental health were analyzed. The results showed no age differences in the frequency of three emotional valence IAMs and both young and older adults retrieved more positive IAMs than negative IAMs. The IAM of older adults was more vivid and they rated positive IAM more positively and negative IAM more negatively than young adults. While young adults rehearsed negative IAM more frequently, older adults rehearsed positive IAM more often than negative IAM. The frequency of positive IAM was related to subjective well-being in older adults. These findings suggest the role of positivity bias and emotional regulation.