KJCKorea
Journal Central

This study aimed to develop and validate a caregiver-reported temperament scale for children in Grades 1–6. Based on classic and contemporary theories of temperament, 94 initial items were developed. After content validity evaluation and pilot testing, 79 items were retained. Exploratory factor analysis conducted with 484 caregivers supported six factors: Activity Level, Behavioral Inhibition, Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, Social Sensitivity, and Effortful Control. Ultimately, 39 items were retained. Confirmatory factor analysis conducted with 550 caregivers indicated an acceptable model fit (CFI = .900, RMSEA = .053, SRMR = .063). Criterion-related validity and reliability analyses also supported this scale. This study is meaningful because it developed a six-factor temperament scale for school-age children using a rational-empirical approach grounded in classic and contemporary temperament theories

This study identified cluster types based on solitude motivation and adult attachment among 510 unmarried early adults and examined cluster differences in loneliness, depression, anxiety, stress, life satisfaction, and emotion regulation strategies. Cluster analysis of self-determined and non-self-determined solitude motivation, attachment avoidance, and attachment anxiety yielded four types: Avoidant Self-Determined Solitude, Anxious Dual Solitude, Fearful Non-Self-Determined Solitude, and Secure Self-Determined Solitude. Each type reflected a dis tinct attachment pattern. The Anxious Dual type was high for both motivations, whereas the Secure type was the lowest for non-self-determined motivation. The clusters differed significantly across outcome variables. These findings suggest that the self-determination of solitude and the attachment dimension should be collectively considered to understand solitude. The counseling implications of each cluster type are discussed.

Age differences in the effects of mortality salience on empathy subtypes were examined. Participants were assigned to one of four groups: young-control (n = 25), young-mortality salience (n = 28), older-control (n = 26), and older-mortality salience (n = 27). Participants completed death anxiety and trait empathy measures, followed by mortality salience and state empathy tasks. Young adults reported greater death anxiety than older adults. Death anxiety was positively associated with trait empathy in both age groups, although its association with empathy subtypes differed with age. Other-oriented empathy was lower in the mortality salience condition than in the control condition, regardless of age. Cognitive empathy was lower in older than in young adults, whereas self-oriented empathy showed no significant differences. These findings suggest that mortality salience may differentially influence empathy subtypes, particularly by reducing empathic concern for others.