This study identified latent profiles of cognitive coping and examined differences in post-loss adjustment among 300 college students (aged 18–25) who had experienced relationship loss. Latent profile analysis based on self-blame, positive reappraisal, cognitive flexibility, and meaning reconstruction identified three profiles: adaptive, restricted, and mixed, which differed significantly in post-loss growth, distress, and depression. The adaptive profile showed high positive reappraisal, cognitive flexibility, and meaning reconstruction with low self-blame, with the greatest growth and lowest depression. The restricted profile showed uniformly low levels across indicators and the lowest growth. The mixed profile showed high self-blame alongside high positive reappraisal; despite greater growth than the restricted profile, it showed the highest distress and depression. Non-death loss and shorter time since loss predicted mixed-profile membership. These findings highlight the joint roles of cognitive flexibility, meaning reconstruction, and contextual factors in post-loss adjustment, and support profile-tailored interventions.