@article{ART002557984},
author={HAN KYU AN},
title={A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」},
journal={日本硏究},
issn={1229-6309},
year={2020},
number={52},
pages={87-110},
doi={10.20404/jscau.2020.02.52.87}
TY - JOUR
AU - HAN KYU AN
TI - A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」
JO - 日本硏究
PY - 2020
VL - null
IS - 52
PB - The Center for Japanese Studies
SP - 87
EP - 110
SN - 1229-6309
AB - This paper examines the meaning and usage of the expressions「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」, which connect to a verb and state difficulties in carrying out an action.
A usage analysis of BCCWJ confirms that verbs connecting with「nikui」 include non-volitional verbs as well as volitional verbs, and that verbs with specific, concrete meanings can also come before it. Previously, it was thought that「~zurai」 cannot connect with non-volitional verbs, but it proves to be false and 「~zurai」connects with diverse verbs. Another expression「~gatai」was also known to be unable to connect with non-volitional verbs, which has also turned out to be false. Non-volitional verbs, with some limitations, can come before 「~gatai」 and it was found that verbs describing human mental activities most frequently connect with the expression.
The analysis of the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」 focuses on the causes or sources of difficulties in taking the action described by the verb.
「~nikui」 can be divided into objective(physical, situational, physiological) causes and subjective(psychological) causes. In case of 「~zurai」,we can classify it into objective(physical(corporal), physical(material), situational) causes and subjective(psychological) causes. In particular, it is found that physical causes and objective situations suggested by 「~zurai」 do not accompany mental and physical pain or displeasure, regardless of the etymology of 「~zurai」. Meanwhile, 「~gatai」 usually connects with verbs involving human mental activities. The study also confirms that it expresses the narrator’s subjective judgment that the extent or degree of a subject is prohibitively alarming, and mostly used in idiomatic expressions, literal expressions, and formal settings.
KW - non-volitional verbs;physical reasons;physiological reasons;psychological reasons
DO - 10.20404/jscau.2020.02.52.87
ER -
HAN KYU AN. (2020). A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」. 日本硏究, 52, 87-110.
HAN KYU AN. 2020, "A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」", 日本硏究, no.52, pp.87-110. Available from: doi:10.20404/jscau.2020.02.52.87
HAN KYU AN "A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」" 日本硏究 52 pp.87-110 (2020) : 87.
HAN KYU AN. A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」. 2020; 52 : 87-110. Available from: doi:10.20404/jscau.2020.02.52.87
HAN KYU AN. "A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」" 日本硏究 no.52(2020) : 87-110.doi: 10.20404/jscau.2020.02.52.87
HAN KYU AN. A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」. 日本硏究, 52, 87-110. doi: 10.20404/jscau.2020.02.52.87
HAN KYU AN. A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」. 日本硏究. 2020; 52 87-110. doi: 10.20404/jscau.2020.02.52.87
HAN KYU AN. A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」. 2020; 52 : 87-110. Available from: doi:10.20404/jscau.2020.02.52.87
HAN KYU AN. "A study on the meaning and usage of 「~nikui」「~zurai」「~gatai」" 日本硏究 no.52(2020) : 87-110.doi: 10.20404/jscau.2020.02.52.87